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The range of human neurodegenerative diseases continues to pose significant unmet medical needs for societies around the world. The progressive and terminal nature of these conditions places a considerable personal burden on the individual affected but also on public health systems and health services. Tens of millions of people are indiscriminately affected by various dementias, which are rising at an alarming rate. There are no cures for many conditions, and it is clear that treatments applied as early as possible could greatly improve outcomes for patients. Therefore, new disease classification and diagnostic tools should be a key priority. Metabolomics represents a relatively new field of analytical science, which can be extremely useful in the early diagnosis of disease. The relatively unique feature of metabolites is that they sit at the intersection between the genetic background of an organism and its environment. Because many neurodegenerative diseases are not genetically inherited (instead having a range of known genetic risk factors and also a large number of unknown environmental triggers) the field of metabolomics offers great promise for the discovery of new, biologically, and clinically relevant biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders. It is already bringing forward new knowledge in terms of the mechanisms of neurodegenerative disease.

Parkinson’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease dementia --- subacute mild traumatic brain injury --- glutamic acid --- excitotoxicity --- metabolomics --- metabolomics --- direct mass spectrometry --- Alzheimer’s disease --- pathogenesis --- biomarkers --- fatty acid --- GC-MS --- Alzheimer’s disease --- dementia with Lewy bodies --- metabolomics --- lipidomics --- neurodegeneration --- Parkinson’s disease --- C. elegans --- Streptomyces venezuelae --- natural product --- prodromal Parkinson’s disease --- bile acids --- mass spectrometry --- biomarkers --- ?-synuclein aggregates --- age-related macular degeneration --- metabolomics --- metabolism --- biomarkers --- drusen --- retinal pigment epithelium --- cerebral palsy --- metabolomics --- 1H NMR --- targeted mass spectrometry --- metabolic pathways --- Parkinson’s disease --- 6-OHDA --- GC-MS --- plasma --- midbrain --- fatty acid metabolism --- myo-inositol --- neurodegeneration --- metabolomics --- biomarkers --- imaging mass spectrometry --- 13C-labeled succinate --- cerebral ischemia --- energy metabolism --- endothelin-1 --- LC-MS --- malonate --- micro-dialysis --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- reperfusion --- tricarboxylic acid cycle --- n/a

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In a modern technological society, electronic engineering and design innovations are both academic and practical engineering fields that involve systematic technological materialization through scientific principles and engineering designs. Engineers and designers must work together with a variety of other professionals in their quest to find systems solutions to complex problems. Rapid advances in science and technology have broadened the horizons of engineering while simultaneously creating a multitude of challenging problems in every aspect of modern life. Current research is interdisciplinary in nature, reflecting a combination of concepts and methods that often span several areas of mechanics, mathematics, electrical engineering, control engineering, and other scientific disciplines. In addition, the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Knowledge Innovation and Invention 2019 (IEEE ICKII 2019) was held in Seoul, South Korea, on 12–15 July, 2019. This book, “Intelligent Electronic Devices”, includes 13 excellent papers form 260 papers presented in this conference about intelligent electronic devices. The main goals of this book were to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible and to provide new scientific knowledge relevant to the topics of electronics.

test pattern generation --- built-in self-test --- broadcast circuit --- low cost --- negative differential resistance --- current-voltage characteristics --- multiple simple current mirror --- threshold voltage --- oscillator --- voltage-controlled oscillator --- ZnO-based nanowires --- hydrothermal method --- Eu3+ and In3+ ions --- photoluminescence properties --- mosquitoes --- Aedes aegypti --- Aedes albopictus --- secondary freeform lens device (SFLD) --- stearic --- dual-input converter --- high voltage gain --- leakage energy recycling --- galvanic isolation --- voltage clamping --- actuator --- lower limb exoskeleton --- wearable robot --- cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) --- as low as diagnostically acceptable (ALADA) --- selective anatomy analytic iteration reconstruction (SA2IR) --- low-dosed --- sparse projections --- diagnostic ability --- drift region --- electrostatic discharge (ESD) --- holding voltage (Vh) --- lateral diffusion MOS (LDMOS) --- transmission-line pulse system (TLP system) --- laser pointer --- electromagnetic lock --- sound recognition module --- regions with convolutional neural network (R-CNN) --- adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) --- 6-DOF robot arm --- high-definition multimedia interface --- PCB layout --- electromagnetic interference --- radiation resistance --- multi-robots --- path programming --- tabu search --- action quality assessment --- human activity analysis --- skeletal feature representation --- electrical circuits and devices --- computer science and engineering --- communications and information processing --- electrostatic discharge (ESD) --- latchup (LU) --- n-channel lateral diffused MOSFET (nLDMOS) --- non-uniform conduction --- secondary breakdown current (It2) --- transmission-line pulse system (TLP system) --- brushless DC motor --- sensorless motor drive --- speed control --- 180-degree conduction