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An important, open research topic today is to understand the relevance that dark matter halo substructure may have for dark matter searches. In the standard cosmological model, halo substructure or subhalos are predicted to be largely abundant inside larger halos, for example, galaxies such as ours, and are thought to form first and later merge to form larger structures. Dwarf satellite galaxies—the most massive exponents of halo substructure in our own galaxy—are already known to be excellent targets for dark matter searches, and indeed, they are constantly scrutinized by current gamma-ray experiments in the search for dark matter signals. Lighter subhalos not massive enough to have a visible counterpart of stars and gas may be good targets as well, given their typical abundances and distances. In addition, the clumpy distribution of subhalos residing in larger halos may boost the dark matter signals considerably. In an era in which gamma-ray experiments possess, for the first time, the exciting potential to put to test the preferred dark matter particle theories, a profound knowledge of dark matter astrophysical targets and scenarios is mandatory should we aim for accurate predictions of dark matter-induced fluxes for investing significant telescope observing time on selected targets and for deriving robust conclusions from our dark matter search efforts. In this regard, a precise characterization of the statistical and structural properties of subhalos becomes critical. In this Special Issue, we aim to summarize where we stand today on our knowledge of the different aspects of the dark matter halo substructure; to identify what are the remaining big questions, and how we could address these; and, by doing so, to find new avenues for research.
dark matter --- indirect detection --- dwarf spheroidal galaxies --- dark matter --- galactic subhalos --- semi-analytic modeling --- gamma-rays and neutrinos --- particle dark matter --- subhalos --- indirect searches. --- halo substructure --- dark matter annihilation --- indirect dark matter searches --- subhalo boost --- dark matter halos --- subhalos --- indirect dark matter searches --- cosmological model --- dark matter --- structure formation --- cosmological N-body simulations --- dark matter --- galactic sub-halos --- gamma rays --- dark matter --- subhalos --- dark matter searches --- gamma-rays --- dark matter --- indirect searches --- gamma rays --- dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies --- statistical data analysis
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Stainless steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from a scientific and commercial point of view, following to their excellent combination in terms of strength and ductility together with corrosion resistance. Thanks to such properties, stainless steels have been indispensable for the technological progress during the last century and their annual consumption increased faster than other materials. They find application in all these fields requiring good corrosion resistance together with ability to be worked into complex geometries. Despite to their diffusion as a consolidated materials, many research fields are active regarding the possibility to increase stainless steels mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by grain refinement or by alloying by interstitial elements. At the same time innovations are coming from the manufacturing process of such a family of materials, also including the possibility to manufacture them starting from metals powder for 3D printing. The Special Issue scope embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting about experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during processing, microstructure-properties relations, applications including automotive, energy and structural.
electrically assisted annealing --- electric current --- prestrain --- stainless steels --- mechanical spectroscopy --- Cr martensitic steel --- point defects --- 304L stainless steel --- non-metallic inclusions --- formation mechanism --- VOD refining --- duplex stainless steel --- welding --- deformation --- corrosion --- microstructure --- stainless steel --- Ca treatment --- non-metallic inclusion --- electrolytic extraction --- historic timber structures --- stainless steel alloys --- connection --- reinforcement --- repair --- high-boron steel --- high-speed steel --- hot deformation --- mechanical properties --- borides --- duplex stainless steels --- superduplex stainless steels --- nitriding --- secondary phases --- surface treatments --- stainless steel --- structural dynamics --- finite element explicit analysis --- Hertz theory --- simulations --- phase diagrams --- iron alloys --- intermetallics --- phase transformation --- stainless-steel structure --- welded joints --- fatigue strength --- S–N curves --- scatter index --- stainless steel --- laser powder bed fusion --- additive manufacturing --- innovation --- supermartensitic stainless steel --- reverted austenite --- phase transformation --- kinetics model --- electron backscattered diffraction --- metastable austenitic stainless steel --- cold rolling --- annealing --- reversion --- grain size --- mechanical properties --- fatigue --- corrosion --- medical applications --- n/a
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Attention in the AI safety community has increasingly started to include strategic considerations of coordination between relevant actors in the field of AI and AI safety, in addition to the steadily growing work on the technical considerations of building safe AI systems. This shift has several reasons: Multiplier effects, pragmatism, and urgency. Given the benefits of coordination between those working towards safe superintelligence, this book surveys promising research in this emerging field regarding AI safety. On a meta-level, the hope is that this book can serve as a map to inform those working in the field of AI coordination about other promising efforts. While this book focuses on AI safety coordination, coordination is important to most other known existential risks (e.g., biotechnology risks), and future, human-made existential risks. Thus, while most coordination strategies in this book are specific to superintelligence, we hope that some insights yield “collateral benefits” for the reduction of other existential risks, by creating an overall civilizational framework that increases robustness, resiliency, and antifragility.
AI welfare science --- AI welfare policies --- sentiocentrism --- antispeciesism --- AI safety --- value sensitive design --- VSD --- design for values --- safe for design --- AI --- ethics --- AI safety --- existential risk --- AI alignment --- superintelligence --- AI arms race --- multi-agent systems --- specification gaming --- artificial intelligence safety --- Goodhart’s Law --- machine learning --- moral and ethical behavior --- artilects --- supermorality --- superintelligence --- policymaking process --- AI risk --- typologies of AI policy --- AI governance --- autonomous distributed system --- conflict --- existential risk --- distributed goals management --- terraforming --- technological singularity --- AI forecasting --- technology forecasting --- scenario analysis --- scenario mapping --- transformative AI --- scenario network mapping --- judgmental distillation mapping --- holistic forecasting framework --- artificial general intelligence --- AGI --- blockchain --- distributed ledger --- AI containment --- AI safety --- AI value alignment --- ASILOMAR --- future-ready --- strategic oversight --- artificial superintelligence --- artificial intelligence --- forecasting AI behavior --- predictive optimization --- simulations --- Bayesian networks --- adaptive learning systems --- pedagogical motif --- explainable AI --- AI Thinking --- human-in-the-loop --- human-centric reasoning --- policy making on AI
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The sustainable governance of water resources relies on processes of multi-stakeholder collaborations and interactions that facilitate knowledge co-creation and social learning. Governance systems are often fragmented, forming a barrier to adequately addressing the myriad of challenges affecting water resources, including climate change, increased urbanized populations, and pollution. Transitions towards sustainable water governance will likely require innovative learning partnerships between public, private, and civil society stakeholders. It is essential that such partnerships involve vertical and horizontal communication of ideas and knowledge, and an enabling and democratic environment characterized by informal and open discourse. There is increasing interest in learning-based transitions. Thus far, much scholarly thinking and, to a lesser degree, empirical research has gone into understanding the potential impact of social learning on multi-stakeholder settings. The question of whether such learning can be supported by forms of serious gaming has hardly been asked. This Special Issue critically explores the potential of serious games to support multi-stakeholder social learning and collaborations in the context of water governance. Serious games may involve simulations of real-world events and processes and are challenge players to solve contemporary societal problems; they, therefore, have a purpose beyond entertainment. They offer a largely untapped potential to support social learning and collaboration by facilitating access to and the exchange of knowledge and information, enhancing stakeholder interactions, empowering a wider audience to participate in decision making, and providing opportunities to test and analyze the outcomes of policies and management solutions. Little is known about how game-based approaches can be used in the context of collaborative water governance to maximize their potential for social learning. While several studies have reported examples of serious games, there is comparably less research about how to assess the impacts of serious games on social learning and transformative change.
simulations --- serious games --- Q-method --- integrated water resources management --- policy analysis --- nexus --- participatory modelling --- serious game --- system dynamics --- water-food-land-energy-climate --- active learning --- drinking water --- role-play --- stakeholder collaboration --- Water Safety Plan --- water supply --- serious games --- social simulation --- social learning --- relational practices --- river basin management --- water governance --- multi-party collaboration --- stakeholders --- experimental social research --- Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) --- stakeholder participation --- serious game --- Blue Growth --- Good Environmental Status --- serious games (SGs) --- water management --- value change --- transcendental values --- social equity --- sustainability --- Schwartz’s Value Survey (SVS) --- Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) --- psychosocial perspectives --- decision-making processes --- assessment --- educational videogames --- online games --- water --- ecology education --- drinking water management --- peri-urban --- institutions --- gaming-simulation --- groundwater --- capacity building --- serious games --- planning support systems --- knowledge co-creation --- sustainability --- maritime spatial planning --- serious gaming --- flood --- urban --- rural --- infrastructure --- decision making --- serious games --- role-playing games --- learning-based intervention --- transformative change --- social learning --- aquaculture --- Mekong Delta --- mangrove --- gamification --- serious games --- water governance --- stakeholder participation --- sustainability --- game-based learning --- integrated water resource management (IWRM) --- natural resource management --- simulation --- serious game --- social learning --- stakeholder collaboration --- sustainability --- water governance
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