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Waves of military technological changes have swept through the Eurasian land mass since the dawn of civilization. Military technological changes decisively shaped geopolitics and the fortunes of states, empires and civilizations. In his book Jimmy Teng claims that to understand the impacts of these military technological changes is in fact to understand the causes behind the following major historical puzzles or important facts: the leading position of the Near East during the dawn of civilization; the splendid achievements of Greece, India and China during the axial era; the classical golden age of India under the Gupta Empire; the Abbasid Golden Age of the Islamic world and the Sung Puzzle of China during the medieval era; and the rise of the West during the early modern and modern era.

International Political Competition --- Economic Development --- World History --- Military Technology

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Taking the dynamics of EU competition policy as a reference, the author provides a historical perspective of China's competition law, enforcement mechanisms and future challenges against the background of ongoing economic reforms and the concomitant modernisation of the judicial system. Readers are familiarised with the main principles of China

China, China's Competition Law, Intellectual Property Rights, interaction, revisiting, China Patent Law, China

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FTO licensing in the pharmaceutical industry deserves special consideration because of the large economic scale of the market, expensive cost of R&D, extremely low success rate, and easy duplication of the drug. Taking these unique aspects into consideration, the author first explaines how to perform a good FTO search and conclude an appropriate FTO licensing agreement, and then points out two issues; (i) the issue of FTO licensing and EU competition, especially the unreasonable application of the Guideline, and (ii) the issue of FTO licensing and differentiating between a bio venture company and a pharmaceutical company. Solutions for these issues are proposed.

Patent, EU competition law, FTO, FTO-licensing market, Freedom to Operate, pharmaceutical industry, License, antitrust law, Pharmaceutical

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Political actors navigate a world of incomplete and noisy information. Voters make decisions about turnout and voting amidst campaign promises, credit claiming, and fake news. Policymakers experiment with reforms amidst uncertain predictions from experts and biased interest groups. Parties form coalitions and sign agreements amidst cheap talk and strategic communication. Beyond democracies, autocrats and dictators rule under uncertain threats to their regimes. In all of these environments, some political actors have incentives to learn and gather information, while others have incentives to influence and manipulate this information. This Special Issue addresses the question of how information structures, information transmission, and communication technologies influence political environments and affect the incentives faced by political actors. This is a collection of articles, combining game-theoretical and experimental work. The articles promote novel ideas and address understudied questions, which range from salience determination to microtargeting, ambiguous voting and information naivety. The findings complement the existing literature and suggest rationales for inefficiencies that arise in political environments with incomplete and noisy information.

jury trial --- pivotality --- ambiguity --- electoral competition --- multidimensional policy space --- microtargeting --- office-motivated candidates --- negative campaigning --- strategic disclosure --- mutual optimism --- incentives to go to war --- information --- correlation neglect --- information aggregation --- committee decision making --- voting experiment --- recency bias --- n/a

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Numerous studies indicate an accelerated growth of forest trees, induced by ongoing climate change. Similar trends were recently found for urban trees in major cities worldwide. Studies frequently report about substantial effects of climate change and the urban heat island effect (UHI) on plant growth. The combined effects of increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extended growing season lengths, in addition to increasing nitrogen deposition and higher CO2 concentrations, can increase but also reduce plant growth. Closely related to this, the multiple functions and services provided by urban trees may be modified. Urban trees generate numerous ecosystem services, including carbon storage, mitigation of the heat island effect, reduction of rainwater runoff, pollutant filtering, recreation effects, shading, and cooling. The quantity of the ecosystem services is often closely associated with the species, structure, age, and size of the tree as well as with a tree’s vitality. Therefore, greening cities, and particularly planting trees, seems to be an effective option to mitigate climate change and the UHI. The focus of this Special Issue is to underline the importance of trees as part of the urban green areas for major cities in all climate zones. Empirical as well as modeling studies of urban tree growth and their services and disservices in cities worldwide are included. Articles about the dynamics, structures, and functions of urban trees as well as the influence of climate and climate change on urban tree growth, urban species composition, carbon storage, and biodiversity are also discussed.

air pollution removal --- BVOC emission --- carbon sequestration --- tree competition --- urban forest --- urban forest --- urbanization --- sampling plots --- Landsat TM --- basal area --- urban tree growth --- climate change --- drought stress --- urban parks --- landscape planning --- allergenic potential --- ecosystem disservices --- ecosystem services --- ecosystem modeling --- sustainability --- human health --- environmental quality --- hot arid urban climate --- Greenway --- urban forest --- preferences --- choice experiment --- species richness --- abundance --- urban forest --- green spaces --- sustainability --- growing season --- bud break --- surface temperature --- urban heat island --- urban microclimate --- urban trees --- biomass allocation --- drought --- ecosystem services --- root:shoot ratio --- urban trees --- air pollution --- climate change implications --- oxides --- urbanity --- tree growth