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Dictionary of a province during the National Socialist era (“Oberdonau”), understood as a regional literary subsystem described in terms of the interaction of authors and literary institutions

Literature National Socialism Austria (Volume Upper Austria) --- Literatur Nationalsozialismus Österreich (Band Oberösterreich)

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2013 was the 80th year of the takeover of power by the National Socialists in 1933, the 75th year of the Reichspogromnacht" on 9 November 193, and the 70th year of the air raids on Hamburg by allied groups known as ""Operation Gomorrha"" in the summer of 1943. With the slogan ""Hamburg remembers 2013"", a large number of commemoration ceremonies were held. The University of Hamburg was involved in the program of events during the commemorative year through several of its institutions. For its central event, it chose the reference date of 7 April 1933, the day on which the ""Law on the Restoration of Professional Officials"" came into force - the basis for the dismissals of ""non-Aryan"" and politically undesirable university teachers in Germany. This volume brings together the four speeches given at the event on 8 April 2013. The commemoration ceremony on April 8,2013 and its documentation are part of a thirty-year-long intensive engagement of the University of Hamburg with its history in the ""Third Reich"" - a confrontation that has to be continued and revived over and over again over the course of generations."

Hamburg National Socialism --- University of Hamburg --- "Hamburg remembers 2013" --- Operation Gomorrha --- memorial event

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Coffee is not only a popular drink, but also linked different worlds: The coffee trade linked Hamburg and Bremen to transnational networks between Europe and Latin America.Central America was important for global coffee trade because the region was the first to introduce the "wet" form of treatment. The high quality of these "washed" coffees made them sought-after on the world market. German immigrants shaped the trade links between the Central American coffee-growing regions and the North German port cities: They founded export companies, purchased coffee plantations and participated in the prefinancing of the harvests.Christiane Berth analyses biographies and networks of German coffee actors in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Chiapas. It shows how their trade networks became fragile as a result of economic crises and new foreign policy constellation, how it came under pressure in National Socialism and broke up during the Second World War. Nevertheless, trade relations between nation states, networks in the coffee industry and the biographies of coffee players remained closely interlinked, even in the post-war period.

German --- Hamburg --- Latin America --- Central America --- global coffee trade --- anti-semitism --- National Socialism --- migration --- networks --- Worldwar I --- 19th century --- 20th century