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This study investigates the impact of National Socialist ideology and housing settlement projects in Greater Vienna following the Anschluss of Austria to the German Reich in 1938. In this regard, both planned and realized building projects are instructive. The research focused on archival documents of the city of Vienna and contemporaneous primary sources.

National Socialism – Vienna – Ideology – Settlement planning --- Nationalsozialismus – Wien – Ideologie – Siedlungsplanung

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In June and July 2014, philologist Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei and photographer Marco Mazzi undertook the Albanian Lapidar Survey, a project to map, document, and photograph the large majority of Albanian lapidars, a particular type of monument, mainly produced in the period that the communist Labor Party of Albania ruled the country (1945–1990) to commemorate the partisan victims, battles, and military units from the National Anti-Fascist Liberation War (which coincided with World War II), as well as historical figures from before the liberation and the accomplishments of socialism in Albania afterward. These lapidars, which can still be found, albeit in ever decreasing numbers, all over the country — in cities and villages, alongside roads, in forests and on mountain passes — are witness to an enormous expenditure of labor and resources to turn the landscape into a site of what was called “monumental propaganda.” The Albanian Lapidar Survey aimed to capture these monuments as fact. The results of this project are collected into a three-volume, dual-language (English and Albanian) catalogue, under the title Lapidari. The first volume comprises a series of critical reflections on Albanian monumentality of the period 1945–1990 from a variety of perspectives, as well as historical documents and a full indexation of all inscriptions found on the documented monuments. Volume 2 and Volume 3 feature the photographic documentation of all 649 recorded monumental sites by photographer Marco Mazzi.

communism --- Albania --- public art --- monumentality --- socialism --- political history

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In June and July 2014, philologist Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei and photographer Marco Mazzi undertook the Albanian Lapidar Survey, a project to map, document, and photograph the large majority of Albanian lapidars, a particular type of monument, mainly produced in the period that the communist Labor Party of Albania ruled the country (1945–1990) to commemorate the partisan victims, battles, and military units from the National Anti-Fascist Liberation War (which coincided with World War II), as well as historical figures from before the liberation and the accomplishments of socialism in Albania afterward. These lapidars, which can still be found, albeit in ever decreasing numbers, all over the country — in cities and villages, alongside roads, in forests and on mountain passes — are witness to an enormous expenditure of labor and resources to turn the landscape into a site of what was called “monumental propaganda.” The Albanian Lapidar Survey aimed to capture these monuments as fact. The results of this project are collected into a three-volume, dual-language (English and Albanian) catalogue, under the title Lapidari. The first volume comprises a series of critical reflections on Albanian monumentality of the period 1945–1990 from a variety of perspectives, as well as historical documents and a full indexation of all inscriptions found on the documented monuments. Volume 2 and Volume 3 feature the photographic documentation of all 649 recorded monumental sites by photographer Marco Mazzi.

communism --- Albania --- public art --- monumentality --- socialism --- political history --- photography

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"This book presents, above all, a study of the establishment and development of the Soviet organization and system of fashion industry and design as it gradually evolved in the years after the Second World War in the Soviet Union, which was, in the understanding of its leaders, reaching the mature or last stage of socialism when the country was firmly set on the straight trajectory to its final goal, Communism. What was typical of this complex and extensive system of fashion was that it was always loyally subservient to the principles of the planned socialist economy. This did not by any means indicate that everything the designers and other fashion professionals did was dictated entirely from above by the central planning agencies. Neither did it mean that their professional judgment would have been only secondary to ideological and political standards set by the Communist Party and the government of the Soviet Union. On the contrary, as our study shows, the Soviet fashion professionals had a lot of autonomy. They were eager and willing to exercise their own judgment in matters of taste and to set the agenda of beauty and style for Soviet citizens. The present book is the first comprehensive and systematic history of the development of fashion and fashion institutions in the Soviet Union after the Second World War. Our study makes use of rich empirical and historical material that has been made available for the first time for scientific analysis and discussion. The main sources for our study came from the state, party and departmental archives of the former Soviet Union. We also make extensive use of oral history and the writings published in Soviet popular and professional press."

cultural history --- soviet union --- fashion industry --- fashion design --- fashion history --- socialism

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The creation of the multinational federation involved at the same time the re-creation of the Yugoslav polity and a laborious construction of the sub-state entities and their own political communities. The creation of republican citizenships and the Yugoslav common two-tier or bifurcated citizenship was part and parcel of this intensive construction of modern states within a larger multinational federation. Citizenship was an important attribute of the republics’ statehood, although it was rarely mentioned as such by the authorities and was almost completely neglected by scholars. The institution will show its resilience and importance only later. The constitutional process at the same time seemed endless: post-war Yugoslavia introduced three constitutions between 1945 and 1963, which shaped the country in a different way, oscillating between Yugoslav socialist unity and the decentralization process empowering the republics. The establishment of multinational federation at the formal level and the Yugoslav brand of ‘self-managing socialism’ at the ideological level provided foundation for the new Yugoslav community. However, constant changes opened the whole construction, including citizenship regime, for redefinitions in the next period.

self-management --- centralist federalism --- decentralization --- federal citizenship --- yugoslavism --- multinational federalism --- republican citizenship --- socialism