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Why is it that some ways of using English are considered "good" and others are considered "bad"? Why are certain forms of language termed elegant, eloquent or refined, whereas others are deemed uneducated, coarse, or inappropriate? Making Sense of "Bad English" is an accessible introduction to attitudes and ideologies towards the use of English in different settings around the world. Outlining how perceptions about what constitutes "good" and "bad" English have been shaped, this book shows how these principles are based on social factors rather than linguistic issues and highlights some of the real-life consequences of these perceptions.

African-American English --- Bad and Good English --- English language systems --- English with an Accent --- Language Attitudes to English --- Language Ideologies --- New Delhi English --- Singlish --- real-life social parallels

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Major depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are now recognized among the most frequent psychiatric disorders, affecting 16–17% and 2–3% of the general population, respectively. They are commonly characterized by: i) a high level of psychiatric and somatic comorbidities; ii) a recurrence or chronic profile; and iii) a negative impact on daily functions, thereby leading to a profound impairment of quality of life. Despite significant advances in pharmacological and psychological therapies over the last decades, unsuccessful responses to standard treatment strategies are classically observed in approximately 20–30% of cases. Therefore, there is a significant need for improving the pathophysiological knowledge through a better identification of environmental, clinical, psychological, genetic, anatomical, and biological determinants, specifically implied in the development, the phenotypic expression, and the relapsing course and/or contributing to the therapeutic failure in major depression and OCD. We are convinced that this research approach is particularly relevant providing critical support for the promotion of innovative treatment alternatives potentially useful for the management of resistant forms of major depression and OCD.

OCD --- tDCS --- brain stimulation --- neuromodulation --- obsession --- compulsion --- depression --- olfaction --- markers --- quality of life --- therapeutic tool --- transcranial direct current stimulation --- depression --- cognition --- m-health --- i-health --- depression --- nosography --- categorizations --- symptoms networks --- ecological momentary assessment --- ecological momentary intervention --- fictional case study --- psychiatry --- OCD --- obsessive–compulsive disorder --- Tourette syndrome --- immunology --- cytokines --- pediatric autoimmune neuropsychological disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) --- pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS) --- Toxoplasma gondii --- Streptococcus pyogenes --- n/a

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This book will provide the most recent knowledge and advances in Sample Preparation Techniques for Separation Science. Everyone working in a laboratory must be familiar with the basis of these technologies, and they often involve elaborate and time-consuming procedures that can take up to 80% of the total analysis time. Sample preparation is an essential step in most of the analytical methods for environmental and biomedical analysis, since the target analytes are often not detected in their in-situ forms, or the results are distorted by interfering species. In the past decade, modern sample preparation techniques have aimed to comply with green analytical chemistry principles, leading to simplification, miniaturization, easy manipulation of the analytical devices, low costs, strong reduction or absence of toxic organic solvents, as well as low sample volume requirements.Modern Sample Preparation Approaches for Separation Science also provides an invaluable reference tool for analytical chemists in the chemical, biological, pharmaceutical, environmental, and forensic sciences.

vitamins --- extraction --- determination --- review --- sample preparation --- matrix solid phase dispersion --- sorbent --- miniaturization --- on-line --- blueberry --- non-anthocyanin polyphenol --- vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction --- response surface methodology --- desirability function approach --- nail --- curie temperature --- high-frequency heating --- liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry --- caffeine --- amlodipine --- gas chromatography --- hydrogel --- hormones --- pectin --- polyvinyl alcohol --- sample preparation --- in-tube SPME --- UHPLC-MS/MS --- organic-based monoliths --- antipsychotics --- plasma samples --- schizophrenic’ patients --- salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction --- sugaring-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction --- hydrophobic-solvent assisted liquid–liquid extraction --- subzero-temperature assisted liquid–liquid extraction --- phenolic compounds --- sorbent-based techniques --- multi-spheres adsorptive micro-extraction (MSA?E) --- floating sampling technology --- caffeine and acetaminophen tracers --- environmental water matrices --- vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction --- China herbal tea --- pesticides residue --- aflatoxins --- UPLC-MS/MS --- vortex-synchronized matrix solid-phase dispersion --- crab shells --- ionic liquids --- anthraquinones --- Cassiae Semen --- sample preparation --- nanocomposite --- pathogenic --- enrichment --- nucleic acid isolation --- sample preparation with TLC/HPTLC --- solvent front position extraction --- solvent delivery with a moving pipette --- automation --- LC–MS/MS --- environmental analysis --- whole water --- trace analysis --- SPE --- large volume --- in-line filter --- sand --- flow rate --- pharmaceuticals --- hormones --- pesticides --- space instrumentation --- liquid chromatography --- oligopeptides --- trapping system --- membrane-based microextraction --- barbiturates --- simultaneous determination --- whole blood --- urine --- liver --- sample preparation --- oxylipins --- protein precipitation --- liquid–liquid extraction --- solid-phase extraction --- biological samples --- chlorophenoxy acid herbicides --- HPLC --- hydrophobic in-tube solid-phase microextraction --- poly (OMA-co-TRIM) monolithic column --- rice grains --- gold --- sample preparation --- preconcentration --- geological samples

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The interest in the topic of spirituality as a more or less independent dimension of quality of life is continuously growing, and research questions are beginning to change as the field of religiosity changes, becoming more diverse and pluralistic. Addressing new topics in health research also relies on standardized questionnaires. The number of instruments intended to measure specific aspects of spirituality is growing, and it is particularly difficult to evaluate the new instruments. This Special Issue will focus on some of the established instruments (updating them to different languages and cultures), but will also describe the features and intentions of newly-developed instruments, which may potentially be used in larger studies to develop knowledge relevant to spiritual care and practice. This Special Issue will serve as a resource on the instruments used to study the wide range of organized religiosity, the individual experience of the divine, and an open approach in the search for meaning and purpose in life.

spirituality --- Franciscan --- validation --- questionnaire --- Christian religious practices --- Catholics --- engagement frequency --- validation --- questionnaire --- spiritual needs --- questionnaire --- factorial structure --- validation --- structural equation modeling --- patients --- chronic disease --- healthy persons --- elderly --- spirituality --- spiritual well-being --- religiosity --- religious beliefs --- clinical setting --- evaluation --- measurement --- scoping review --- attitudes towards religion --- Filipino students --- religiosity --- spirituality --- self-report measure of religion --- moral injury --- internal conflict --- post-traumatic stress disorder --- veterans --- active duty military --- Attachment to God Inventory --- IAD-Br --- styles of attachment --- attachment theory --- Validation --- Brazil --- awe --- gratitude --- spirituality --- validation --- questionnaire --- psychometric properties --- transcultural adaptation --- spiritual needs --- people living with HIV --- spirituality --- spiritual well-being --- translation --- validation --- SHALOM --- Lithuania --- spiritual jihad --- Islam --- Muslims --- struggles --- growth --- spiritual needs --- translation --- exploratory factor analysis --- internal consistency --- n/a

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The present book contains 14 papers published in the Special Issue “Differential Geometry” of the journal Mathematics. They represent a selection of the 30 submissions. This book covers a variety of both classical and modern topics in differential geometry. We mention properties of both rectifying and affine curves, the geometry of hypersurfaces, angles in Minkowski planes, Euclidean submanifolds, differential operators and harmonic forms on Riemannian manifolds, complex manifolds, contact manifolds (in particular, Sasakian and trans-Sasakian manifolds), curvature invariants, and statistical manifolds and their submanifolds (in particular, Hessian manifolds). We wish to mention that among the authors, there are both well-known geometers and young researchers. The authors are from countries with a tradition in differential geometry: Belgium, China, Greece, Japan, Korea, Poland, Romania, Spain, Turkey, and United States of America. Many of these papers were already cited by other researchers in their articles. This book is useful for specialists in differential geometry, operator theory, physics, and information geometry as well as graduate students in mathematics.

Euclidean submanifold --- position vector field --- concurrent vector field --- concircular vector field --- rectifying submanifold --- T-submanifolds --- constant ratio submanifolds --- Ricci soliton --- Kähler–Einstein metrics --- compact complex surfaces --- pinching of the curvatures --- statistical manifolds --- Hessian manifolds --- Hessian sectional curvature --- scalar curvature --- Ricci curvature --- Minkowski plane --- Minkowskian length --- Minkowskian angle --- Minkowskian pseudo-angle --- L2-harmonic forms --- Hodge–Laplacian --- manifold with singularity --- L2-Stokes theorem --- capacity --- k-th generalized Tanaka–Webster connection --- non-flat complex space form --- real hypersurface --- lie derivative --- shape operator --- conical surface --- developable surface --- generalized 1-type Gauss map --- cylindrical hypersurface --- inextensible flow --- lightlike surface --- ruled surface --- Darboux frame --- C-Bochner tensor --- generalized normalized ?-Casorati curvature --- Sasakian manifold --- slant --- invariant --- anti-invariant --- trans-Sasakian 3-manifold --- Reeb flow symmetry --- Ricci operator --- Sasakian statistical manifold --- conjugate connection --- Casorati curvature --- framed rectifying curves --- singular points --- framed helices --- centrodes --- circular rectifying curves --- statistical structure --- affine hypersurface --- affine sphere --- conjugate symmetric statistical structure --- sectional ?-curvature --- complete connection --- symplectic curves --- circular helices --- symplectic curvatures --- Frenet frame