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This book is comprised of important reviews and cutting-edge original research papers concerning electrospun and electrosprayed formulations in drug delivery. Electrospinning and electrospraying have, in recent years, attracted increasing attention in the pharmaceutical sector, with research in the area advancing rapidly. It is now possible to prepare extremely complex systems using multi-fluid processes, and to increase production rates to an industrial scale. Electrospun formulations can be produced under GMP conditions and are in clinical trials. In this volume, we explore a range of topics around electrospinning and electrospraying in controlled drug delivery. Four reviews cover the exciting potential of cyclodextrin-containing fibers and the many potential biomedical applications of electrospun fibers. The use of electrospinning to prepare amorphous systems and improve the dissolution rate and solubility of poorly soluble active ingredients is addressed, and the possibilities of such materials in tissue engineering are comprehensively covered. The six original research papers cover the effect of molecular properties on API release from Eudragit-based electrospun fibers; ferulic acid solid dispersions; electrospun medicines to treat psoriasis; scale up of electrospinning and its use to produce low-dose tablets; transepithelial permeation of drugs released from electrospun fibers, and the possibilities for the synergistic chemophotothermal treatment of cancer.

electrospinning --- Eudragit --- nanofibers --- drug release --- carvedilol --- poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) --- high-speed electrospinning --- high-shear mixing --- homogenization --- Raman mapping --- sieve analysis --- amorphous composite --- coaxial electrospinning --- fast dissolution --- insoluble drug --- solid dispersion --- electrospinning --- parameters --- drug delivery --- applications --- solid dispersion --- aqueous solubility enhancement --- amorphous --- crystalline --- oral drug delivery --- electrospinning --- cyclodextrin --- electrospinning --- drug delivery --- nanofibers --- cyclodextrin-inclusion complexes --- essential oils --- electrospun nanofibers --- poly-cyclodextrin --- antibacterial --- antibiotics --- PMVE/MA --- electrospinning --- nanofibers --- capsaicin --- psoriasis --- TRPV1 --- PCL --- electrospinning --- combination therapy --- photothermal therapy --- NIR-triggered drug release --- xanthan gum --- electrospinning --- gallic acid --- permeability --- electrospinning --- tissue engineering --- drug delivery

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This book is based on the Special Issue of the journal Molecules on “Smart and Functional Polymers”. The collected research and review articles focus on the synthesis and characterization of advanced functional polymers, polymers with specific structures and performances, current improvements in advanced polymer-based materials for various applications, and the opportunities and challenges in the future. The topics cover the emerging synthesis and characterization technology of smart polymers, core?shell structure polymers, stimuli-responsive polymers, anhydrous electrorheological materials fabricated from conducting polymers, reversible polymerization systems, and biomedical polymers for drug delivery and disease theranostics. In summary, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest synthesis approaches, representative structures and performances, and various applications of smart and functional polymers. It will serve as a useful reference for all researchers and readers interested in polymer sciences and technologies.

amphiphilicity --- phase change --- polyamino acids --- degradability --- fine-tuning --- pH responsive --- poly(methacrylamide)s --- phase transition --- catalyst --- CO2 --- heterogeneous catalysis --- molecular sieve --- polyether imidazole ionic liquid --- Vitamin E --- albumin --- core-shell nanoparticles --- paclitaxel --- multi-drug resistance --- breast cancer --- conducting polymer --- composite --- electrorheological --- smart fluid --- viscoelastic --- controlled polymerization --- reversible polymerization --- sustainable polymers --- pH responsive polymers --- nanomedicine --- tumor imaging --- drug delivery --- polymerization dispersion method --- polyaniline --- polyvinyl alcohol --- glutaraldehyde --- chemical activation --- Glycopolymer --- post-polymerization functionalization --- perfluoroaryl azides --- Staudinger reaction --- castor oil --- biomedical devices --- polyurethanes --- polycaprolactone-diol --- chitosan --- fluoropolymers --- melt-shear organization --- chemical resistance --- solvent responsiveness --- hydrophobicity --- core/shell particles --- emulsion polymerization --- particle processing --- ?-NaYF4 --- rare earth upconversion nanoparticles --- core–shell structure --- hydrogels --- applications --- targeted drug delivery --- drug release --- hydrophobic drug delivery --- clinical translation --- versatile platform --- administration routes --- diverse therapeutic areas --- hearing loss --- saffron --- endophytic exopolysaccharide --- gentamicin --- cochlear hair cell --- polymeric nanoparticles --- stimuli-sensitive polymers --- co-delivery systems --- synergistic effect --- nucleic acid delivery --- chemotherapy --- phenylboronic acid --- gel --- glucose sensitivity --- drug delivery --- diabetes therapy --- amphiphilic copolymer --- hydrolyzable polyurea --- micelle --- controlled drug delivery --- cancer chemotherapy --- polymerization or post-polymerization modification methods --- polymer-based supramolecular chemistry --- stimuli-responsive polymers --- shape memory polymers --- self-healing polymers --- polymers for industrial catalysis --- polymers for water or effluent treatment --- polymers for sensing, separation, and purification --- polymers for fabrication --- renewable polymer materials used for agriculture --- functional polymers used in food science --- polymers for information storage, electronics, and energy conversion --- functional polymers for diagnosis, imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering --- polymers with biological activity (e.g., antitumor, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activity) --- polymer-based medical devices

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The term ‘biomedical engineering’ refers to the application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering to biology and medicine. Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary branch, as many of the problems health professionals are confronted with have traditionally been of interest to engineers because they involve processes that are fundamental to engineering practice. Biomedical engineers employ common engineering methods to comprehend, modify, or control biological systems, and to design and manufacture devices that can assist in the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases. This Special Issue of Fluids aims to be a forum for scientists and engineers from academia and industry to present and discuss recent developments in the field of biomedical engineering. It contains papers that tackle, both numerically (Computational Fluid Dynamics studies) and experimentally, biomedical engineering problems, with a diverse range of studies focusing on the fundamental understanding of fluid flows in biological systems, modelling studies on complex rheological phenomena and molecular dynamics, design and improvement of lab-on-a-chip devices, modelling of processes inside the human body as well as drug delivery applications. Contributions have focused on problems associated with subjects that include hemodynamical flows, arterial wall shear stress, targeted drug delivery, FSI/CFD and Multiphysics simulations, molecular dynamics modelling and physiology-based biokinetic models.

alkannin --- cancer --- stability study --- drug delivery system --- hydrodynamics --- microfluidics --- pipette Petri dish single-cell trapping (PP-SCT) --- passive trapping --- single-cell trapping --- single cell analysis --- tilt trapping --- pressure drop --- CFD --- Casson fluid --- blood --- hematocrit --- small vessel --- microfluidics --- spreading --- gelation --- hydrogel --- hyaluronic --- viscoelastic --- viscous --- gravitational --- capillary --- biochemical processes --- biokinetics --- human biomonitoring --- bisphenol A --- exposure reconstruction --- risk assessment --- free-flowing film --- FFMR --- inclined ?-channel --- non-Newtonian --- shear thinning --- ?-PIV --- meniscus --- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm --- Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) --- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) --- haematocrit --- pulsatile flow --- non-Newtonian --- dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) --- doxorubicin --- hyperbranched polyester --- simulations --- n/a --- microfluidics --- blood flow --- viscoelastic --- falling film microreactor --- ?-PIV --- abdominal aortic aneurysm --- hematocrit --- computational fluid dynamics simulations --- fluid–structure interaction --- arterial wall shear stress --- drug delivery --- droplet spreading --- passive trapping --- cell capture --- lab-on-a-chip --- physiology-based biokinetics --- liposomes --- shikonin --- human bio-monitoring

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Nanovesicles are highly-promising systems for the delivery and/or targeting of drugs, biomolecules and contrast agents. Despite the fact that initial studies in this area were performed on phospholipid vesicles, there is an ever-increasing interest in the use of other molecules to obtain smart vesicular carriers focusing on strategies for targeted delivery. These systems can be obtained using newly synthesized smart molecules, or by intelligent design of opportune carriers to achieve specific delivery to the site of action.

nanovesicular nasal carrier --- nasal delivery system --- buspirone --- hot flushes --- ovariectomized rat --- mesoporous silica nanoparticles --- MCM-41 --- protocells --- SBA-15 --- Stober’s synthesis --- tetraethyl orthosilicate --- liposomes --- brain delivery --- surfactant --- cationic liposomes --- andrographolide --- PAMPA --- hCMEC/D3 cells --- Plectranthus ecklonii --- Parvifloron D --- cytotoxicity --- pancreatic cancer --- nanoparticles --- lipophilic compound --- caryophyllene sesquiterpene --- antiproliferative activity --- liposomes --- lamellarity --- drug loading --- magnetic/plasmonic nanoparticles --- multifunctional liposomes --- manganese ferrite --- gold shell --- anti-tumor drugs --- cancer therapy --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- liposomes --- protein corona --- soy lecithin liposomes --- nanocochleates --- andrographolide --- freeze-drying --- gastrointestinal stability --- uptake and safety --- gingiva mesenchymal stromal cells --- paclitaxel --- squamous cell carcinoma --- drug delivery --- exosomes --- Ibuprofen --- pH-sensitive niosomes --- Pain --- Analgesia --- NSAIDs --- n/a

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The past decades have seen major developments in the understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of cancer. Significant progress has been achieved regarding long-term survival for the patients of many cancers with the use of tamoxifen for treatment of breast cancer, treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia with imatinib, and the success of biological drugs. The transition from cytotoxic chemotherapy to targeted cancer drug discovery and development has resulted in an increasing selection of tools available to oncologists. In this Special Issue of Pharmaceuticals, we highlight the opportunities and challenges in the discovery and design of innovative cancer therapies, novel small-molecule cancer drugs and antibody–drug conjugates, with articles covering a variety of anticancer therapies and potential relevant disease states and applications. Significant efforts are being made to develop and improve cancer treatments and to translate basic research findings into clinical use, resulting in improvements in survival rates and quality of life for cancer patients. We demonstrate the possibilities and scope for future research in these areas and also highlight the challenges faced by scientists in the area of anticancer drug development leading to improved targeted treatments and better survival rates for cancer patients.

antibody --- drug conjugation --- chemical linker --- drug delivery --- and cancer therapy --- P450c17 --- prostate cancer --- abiraterone --- steroidogenesis --- androgens --- dehydroepiandrosterone --- CYP17A1 --- cytochrome P450 --- anti-cancer drugs --- DSD --- cyclooxygenase-1 --- cyclooxygenase-2 --- cancer --- inflammation --- tumorigenesis --- COX-1 inhibitor --- [18F]FDG PET/CT --- biomarker profiling --- cancer --- oesophageal cancer --- treatment resistance --- cisplatin --- metabolism --- inflammation --- radiation --- intestinal mucositis --- heteropolysaccharide --- 5-fluorouracil --- inflammation --- Combretastatin A-4 --- ?-lactam --- 3-vinylazetidin-2-ones --- antiproliferative activity --- tubulin --- antimitotic --- magnetic targeting --- graphene oxide --- maghemite --- glioblastoma --- cisplatin --- ellipticine --- anticancer --- heterocyclic chemistry --- indole --- NCI screen --- topoisomerase II --- snticancer drugs --- cancer drug design --- cancer immunotherapy --- conjugate and hybrid drugs, cisplatin resistance, topoisomerase inhibitors --- microtubule targeted drugs