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This Open Access book explores questions such as why and how did the first biological cells appear? And then complex organisms, brains, societies and –now– connected human societies? Physicists have good models for describing the evolution of the universe since the Big Bang, but can we apply the same concepts to the evolution of aggregated matter –living matter included? The Amazing Journey analyzes the latest results in chemistry, biology, neuroscience, anthropology and sociology under the light of the evolution of intelligence, seen as the ability of processing information. The main strength of this book is using just two concepts used in physics –information and energy– to explain: The emergence and evolution of life: procaryotes, eukaryotes and complex organisms The emergence and evolution of the brain The emergence and evolution of societies (human and not) Possible evolution of our "internet society" and the role that Artificial Intelligence is playing

Computer science --- Computer science—Mathematics --- Input-output equipment (Computers) --- Computer communication systems --- Operating systems (Computers) --- Algorithms --- Mathematical logic

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This open access State-of-the-Art Survey presents the main recent scientific outcomes in the area of reversible computation, focusing on those that have emerged during COST Action IC1405 "Reversible Computation - Extending Horizons of Computing", a European research network that operated from May 2015 to April 2019. Reversible computation is a new paradigm that extends the traditional forwards-only mode of computation with the ability to execute in reverse, so that computation can run backwards as easily and naturally as forwards. It aims to deliver novel computing devices and software, and to enhance existing systems by equipping them with reversibility. There are many potential applications of reversible computation, including languages and software tools for reliable and recovery-oriented distributed systems and revolutionary reversible logic gates and circuits, but they can only be realized and have lasting effect if conceptual and firm theoretical foundations are established first.

Logic Design --- Computer System Implementation --- Computer Communication Networks --- Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems --- Software Engineering --- Operating Systems --- open access --- reversible computation --- semantics of reversible computation --- formal methods --- models of computation --- circuit design --- simulation --- robotics --- debugging --- quantum computing --- wireless communications --- programming languages --- dependability --- modelling of biochemical systems --- computer networks --- engineering --- software engineering --- parallel processing systems --- theoretical computer science --- Computer architecture & logic design --- Systems analysis & design --- Network hardware --- Expert systems / knowledge-based systems --- Operating systems

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This open access book is part of the LAMBDA Project (Learning, Applying, Multiplying Big Data Analytics), funded by the European Union, GA No. 809965. Data Analytics involves applying algorithmic processes to derive insights. Nowadays it is used in many industries to allow organizations and companies to make better decisions as well as to verify or disprove existing theories or models. The term data analytics is often used interchangeably with intelligence, statistics, reasoning, data mining, knowledge discovery, and others. The goal of this book is to introduce some of the definitions, methods, tools, frameworks, and solutions for big data processing, starting from the process of information extraction and knowledge representation, via knowledge processing and analytics to visualization, sense-making, and practical applications. Each chapter in this book addresses some pertinent aspect of the data processing chain, with a specific focus on understanding Enterprise Knowledge Graphs, Semantic Big Data Architectures, and Smart Data Analytics solutions. This book is addressed to graduate students from technical disciplines, to professional audiences following continuous education short courses, and to researchers from diverse areas following self-study courses. Basic skills in computer science, mathematics, and statistics are required.

Database Management --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet) --- Logic in AI --- Computer Appl. in Administrative Data Processing --- Business Information Systems --- Computer and Information Systems Applications --- Computer Application in Administrative Data Processing --- artificial intelligence --- big data --- data analytics --- data handling --- data integration --- data mining --- databases --- digital storage --- domain knowledge --- graph theory --- information management --- information technology --- integrated data --- internet --- knowledge management --- knowledge-based system --- ontologies --- semantics --- Databases --- Database programming --- Information retrieval --- Internet searching --- Artificial intelligence --- Public administration --- Information technology: general issues --- Business mathematics & systems

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Computing systems are undergoing a transformation from logic-centric towards memory-centric architectures, where overall performance and energy efficiency at the system level are determined by the density, performance, functionality and efficiency of the memory, rather than the logic sub-system.

3D-stacked --- DRAM --- in-DRAM cache --- low-latency --- low-power --- resistive memory --- crossbar --- in-memory computing --- analogue computing --- matrix-vector multiplication --- ECG --- voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy --- magnetoresistive random access memory --- magnetic tunnel junction --- bioelectronic devices --- bionanohybrid material --- biomemory --- biologic gate --- bioprocessor --- protein --- nucleic acid --- nanoparticles --- SONOS --- flash memory --- charge spreading --- plasma treatment --- Oxygen-related trap --- data retention --- BCH --- decoder --- iBM --- GPU --- hybrid --- flash memory --- Galois field --- CUDA --- in-memory computing --- logic-in-memory --- non-von Neumann architecture --- configurable logic-in-memory architecture --- memory wall --- convolutional neural networks --- emerging technologies --- perpendicular Nano Magnetic Logic (pNML) --- silicon oxide-based memristors --- resistance switching mechanism --- variability --- conductive filament --- Weibull distribution --- quantum point contact --- real-time system --- dynamic voltage scaling --- task placement --- low-power technique --- nonvolatile memory --- neuromorphic system --- Hebbian training --- guide training --- memristor --- image classification --- STT-MRAM --- flip-flop --- power gating --- low-power --- bipolar resistive switching characteristics --- annealing temperatures --- solution-based dielectric --- resistive random access memory (RRAM) --- multi-level cell --- phase change memory --- programmable ramp-down current pulses --- Fast Fourier Transform --- in-memory computing --- associative processor --- non-von neumann architecture --- in-memory computing --- memristor --- RISC-V --- Internet of things --- blockchain --- U-shape recessed channel --- floating gate --- neuromorphic computing --- MCU (microprogrammed control unit) --- chalcogenide --- electrochemical metallization cell --- electrochemical metallization (ECM) --- ion conduction --- memristor --- self-directed channel (SDC) --- memristor --- crossbar array --- wire resistance --- synaptic weight --- character recognition --- n/a

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This book addresses a key innovative technology for decarbonization of the energy system: hydrothermal processing. It basically consists of treating biomass and wastes in a wet form, under pressure and temperature condition. This approach is becoming more and more attractive, as new feedstock and applications are appearing on the scene of bioeconomy and bioenergy. The hydrothermal processing of various type of biomass, waste, and residues, thus, raised the interest of many researchers and companies around the world, together with downstream upgrading processes and technologies: solid products as biochar, for instance, or liquid ones as crude bioliquids, are finding new market opportunities in circular economy schemes. The Special Issue collects recent innovative research works in the field, from basic to applied research, as well as pilot industrial applications/demo. It is a valuable set of references for those investing time and effort in research in the field.

hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) --- brewer’s spent grains (BSG) --- hydrochar --- acid addition --- two-steps carbonization --- hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) --- Spirulina --- hydroprocessing --- hydrotreating --- upgrading --- hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) --- hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) --- fractional distillation --- drop-in biofuels --- nitrogen distribution --- hydrothermal processes --- Germany --- fuzzy Delphi method --- fuzzy logic cognitive map --- coal --- biomass --- hydrochar --- process economics --- sensitivity analysis --- cost of electricity --- lignin --- biorefinery --- hydrothermal liquefaction --- biocrude --- depolymerization --- hydrothermal liquefaction --- aqueous co-product --- nutrient recovery --- struvite --- EROI --- hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- sewage sludge --- electricity and heat production --- agricultural yield --- primary sludge --- secondary sludge --- deinked sludge --- fiber rejects --- hydrochar --- combustion indices --- fuel properties --- microalgal oils --- microalgae extraction --- lipids --- biofuel --- cell wall disruption --- hydrothermal disintegration --- freeze-dried --- fresh harvested --- Scenedesmus rubescens