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The monograph focuses on the typological differences between the four most widely spoken Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian) and Czech. Utilizing data from InterCorp, the parallel corpus project of the Czech National Corpus, the book analyses various categories (expression of potential non-volitional participation, iterativity, causation, beginning of an action and adverbial subordination) to discover differences and similarities between Czech and the Romance languages. Due to the massive amount of data mined, as well as the high number of languages examined, the monograph presents general and individual typological features of the four Romance languages and Czech that often exceed what has previously been accepted in the field of comparative linguistics.

linguistics, comparative linguistics, Romance languages

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Simplified Signs presents a system of manual sign communication intended for special populations who have had limited success mastering spoken or full sign languages. It is the culmination of over twenty years of research and development by the authors. The Simplified Sign System has been developed and tested for ease of sign comprehension, memorization, and formation by limiting the complexity of the motor skills required to form each sign, and by ensuring that each sign visually resembles the meaning it conveys.Volume 1 outlines the research underpinning and informing the project, and places the Simplified Sign System in a wider context of sign usage, historically and by different populations. Volume 2 presents the lexicon of signs, totalling approximately 1000 signs, each with a clear illustration and a written description of how the sign is formed, as well as a memory aid that connects the sign visually to the meaning that it conveys.While the Simplified Sign System originally was developed to meet the needs of persons with intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, autism, or aphasia, it may also assist the communication needs of a wider audience – such as healthcare professionals, aid workers, military personnel , travellers or parents, and children who have not yet mastered spoken language. The system also has been shown to enhance learning for individuals studying a foreign language.Lucid and comprehensive, this work constitutes a valuable resource that will enhance the communicative interactions of many different people, and will be of great interest to researchers and educators alike.

manual sign communication --- mastering spoken languages --- mastering full sign languages --- intellectual disabilities --- cerebral palsy --- autism --- aphasia

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Bildungssystem --- Deutsch als Zweitsprache --- education system --- German as a second language --- languages --- Mehrsprachigkeit --- migration society --- Migrationsgesellschaft --- multilingualism --- school --- Schule --- Sprachen --- subject formation --- subjectivation --- Subjektbildung --- Subjektivierung

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This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 29th European Symposium on Programming, ESOP 2020, which was planned to take place in Dublin, Ireland, in April 2020, as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2020. The actual ETAPS 2020 meeting was postponed due to the Corona pandemic. The papers deal with fundamental issues in the specification, design, analysis, and implementation of programming languages and systems.

Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters --- Computer Systems Organization and Communication Networks --- Control Structures and Microprogramming --- Information Systems and Communication Service --- Natural Language Processing (NLP) --- Theory of Computation --- artificial intelligence --- computer networks --- computer programming --- computer security --- distributed computer systems --- embedded systems --- formal languages --- formal logic --- linguistics --- mathematics --- model checking --- object-oriented programming --- parallel processing systems --- program compilers --- semantics --- software architecture --- software design --- software engineering --- software quality --- verification and validation --- Programming & scripting languages: general --- Compilers & interpreters --- Computer networking & communications --- Algorithms & data structures --- Natural language & machine translation --- Computer science --- Mathematical theory of computation

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This open access book coherently gathers well-founded information on the fundamentals of and formalisms for modelling cyber-physical systems (CPS). Highlighting the cross-disciplinary nature of CPS modelling, it also serves as a bridge for anyone entering CPS from related areas of computer science or engineering. Truly complex, engineered systems—known as cyber-physical systems—that integrate physical, software, and network aspects are now on the rise. However, there is no unifying theory nor systematic design methods, techniques or tools for these systems. Individual (mechanical, electrical, network or software) engineering disciplines only offer partial solutions. A technique known as Multi-Paradigm Modelling has recently emerged suggesting to model every part and aspect of a system explicitly, at the most appropriate level(s) of abstraction, using the most appropriate modelling formalism(s), and then weaving the results together to form a representation of the system. If properly applied, it enables, among other global aspects, performance analysis, exhaustive simulation, and verification. This book is the first systematic attempt to bring together these formalisms for anyone starting in the field of CPS who seeks solid modelling foundations and a comprehensive introduction to the distinct existing techniques that are multi-paradigmatic. Though chiefly intended for master and post-graduate level students in computer science and engineering, it can also be used as a reference text for practitioners.

Software Engineering --- Cyber-physical systems, IoT --- Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems --- Computer Applications --- Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design --- Open Access --- Embedded and cyber-physical systems --- Software design engineering --- Model-driven software engineering --- Modelica --- Performance Analysis --- Design Languages --- System Description Languages --- System and Modeling --- DEVS --- Statecharts --- Petri Nets --- Multi-Paradigm Modeling --- AADL --- Concurrency Modeling --- Electrical engineering --- Cybernetics & systems theory --- Expert systems / knowledge-based systems --- Information technology: general issues --- Computer-aided design (CAD)