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Is reduced tillage in arable fields beneficial for farmland biodiversity?Is prescribed burning in grasslands beneficial for bird conservation?Does livestock exclusion from degraded peatlands benefit peatland conservation?Is the provision of artificial shelters effective for subtidal benthic invertebrate conservation?Do wind turbine modifications reduce bat fatalities? Does adding topsoil increase the abundance of heathland plants?Are interventions to reduce road impacts on amphibians effective?Do herbicides control invasive parrot's feather?What Works in Conservation has been created to provide practitioners with answers to these and many other questions about practical conservation. This book provides an assessment of the effectiveness of conservation interventions based on summarized scientific evidence. The 2020 edition contains new material on mammals, birds, marine benthic invertebrates, bat conservation and wetlands. Other chapters cover practical global conservation of primates, peatlands, shrublands and heathlands, management of captive animals as well as an extended chapter on control of freshwater invasive species, the global conservation of amphibians, bats, birds and forests, conservation of European farmland biodiversity and some aspects of enhancing natural pest control, enhancing soil fertility and control of freshwater invasive species. It contains key results from the summarized evidence for each conservation intervention and an assessment of the effectiveness of each by international expert panels. The accompanying website www.conservationevidence.com describes each of the studies individually, and provides full references.This is the fifth edition of What Works in Conservation, which is revised on an annual basis.Arcadia, DEFRA, ESRC, MAVA Foundation, NERC, Natural England, Robert Bosch Stiftung, Synchronicity Earth, South West Water and Waitrose Ltd. have generously contributed towards the publication of this volume.

Conservation, environment, practical intervention, amphibians, bats, birds, farmland, soil fertility, forests, invasive species

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This Open Access volume aims to methodologically improve our understanding of biodiversity by linking disciplines that incorporate remote sensing, and uniting data and perspectives in the fields of biology, landscape ecology, and geography. The book provides a framework for how biodiversity can be detected and evaluated—focusing particularly on plants—using proximal and remotely sensed hyperspectral data and other tools such as LiDAR. The volume, whose chapters bring together a large cross-section of the biodiversity community engaged in these methods, attempts to establish a common language across disciplines for understanding and implementing remote sensing of biodiversity across scales. The first part of the book offers a potential basis for remote detection of biodiversity. An overview of the nature of biodiversity is described, along with ways for determining traits of plant biodiversity through spectral analyses across spatial scales and linking spectral data to the tree of life. The second part details what can be detected spectrally and remotely. Specific instrumentation and technologies are described, as well as the technical challenges of detection and data synthesis, collection and processing. The third part discusses spatial resolution and integration across scales and ends with a vision for developing a global biodiversity monitoring system. Topics include spectral and functional variation across habitats and biomes, biodiversity variables for global scale assessment, and the prospects and pitfalls in remote sensing of biodiversity at the global scale.

Biodiversity --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry --- Plant Sciences --- Ecosystems --- Plant Ecology --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis --- Plant Science --- Environmental Monitoring --- Remote detection of biodiversity --- Retrieving functional traits from spectra --- Community assembly --- Spectral diversity --- Leaf optical properties --- Hyperspectral field data collection and processing --- Spatial resolution and integration across scales --- Micro and macroscopic structure of leaves --- Detection of disease and decline in forests --- Ocean and aquatic biodiversity --- Open Access --- Geographical information systems & remote sensing --- Botany & plant sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Environmental monitoring

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Forest pests have diverse negative impacts on forestry economy, ecosystem services, biodiversity, and sustainable ecosystem management. The first step towards effectively managing forest pests would be to monitor their occurrence and assess their impact on forest ecosystems. The monitoring results can provide basic information for effective management strategies. The data from monitoring programs can result in the development of new methods for monitoring, assessing impact, and developing management techniques. This special issue aims to share information to assist in the effective management of forest pests, by understanding the responses of forest pests to natural and anthropogenic changes, and discussing new studies on the monitoring, assessment, and management of forest pests. The fourteen papers included in this issue focus on monitoring, assessing, and managing forest pests, including one editorial providing an overall idea of the monitoring, assessment and management of forest pests, two articles reviewing long-term changes in forest pests and forests, four papers focusing on the monitoring of forest pests, three papers on the assessment of forest pests, and four papers on the management of forest pests. These papers provide a better understanding of the structures and processes in forest ecosystems and fundamental information for the effective management of forest pests.

ash trees --- biological control --- Buprestidae --- Encyrtidae --- invasive species --- Quercus ilex L. --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- Phytophthora quercina --- Phytophthora pseudocryptogea --- qPCR --- disease resistance --- plant nutrition-disease relationship --- eucalyptus disease --- leaf spot --- control --- forestry models --- climate change --- forest management --- abiotic and biotic disturbances --- forest health --- Tomicus brevipilosus --- location preference --- aggregation pheromones --- attack pattern --- aggressiveness --- Cockchafer larvae --- forestry --- Scots pine damages --- small soil pits --- Acari --- mite assemblages --- litterbags --- coniferous forests --- admixture species --- litter decay --- Ricania shantungensis --- CLIMAX --- MaxEnt --- SADIE --- species distribution model --- hazard rating --- invasive species --- surveillance --- forest ecosystem management --- prediction model --- species distribution model --- random forest --- Matsucoccus thunbergianae --- black pine bast scale --- taxonomy --- synonym --- Hylodor --- alpha-pinene --- turpentine oil --- ethanol --- propylene-glycol --- Norway spruce --- antennal transcriptome --- chemosensory genes --- expression level --- SNPs --- invasive species --- natural enemies --- pine caterpillar --- pine needle gall midge --- pine wilt disease --- climate change --- forest ecosystem --- forest pests --- invasive species --- monitoring