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Le Cycle de Rowley est un ensemble de poèmes en langue anglaise, composé par le jeune Thomas Chatterton (1752‑1770). Ces poèmes sont une tentative de reconstruire en imagination sa ville natale de Bristol, telle qu'il aurait voulu qu'elle fût au Moyen Âge. Le poète écrit en faux anglais du xve siècle, en mêlant des mots ou des formes archaïques à l'anglais de son temps, ou même en créant ces formes. Il fait passer ces poèmes pour l'œuvre authentique de Thomas Rowley, prêtre médiéval à Bristol. Les thèmes sont la guerre, la mort, la violence, mais aussi l'amour, la charité chrétienne. Le mode épique côtoie la pastorale, la fable. Le poète appartient à l'époque du renouveau du sentiment, mais il est aussi influencé par la mode des antiquaires, bien qu'il s'en défende. Si l'on ne peut rendre en traduction toutes les merveilleuses qualités de sa poésie, les poètes anglais du romantisme lui ont largement décerné l'hommage posthume que mérite son génie, méconnu en France.

littérature anglaise --- poésie --- Rowley Thomas

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In the wake of Glasgow’s transformation in the nineteenth-century into an industrial powerhouse — the "Second City of the Empire" — a substantial part of the old town of Adam Smith degenerated into an overcrowded and disease-ridden slum. The Old Closes and Streets of Glasgow, Thomas Annan’s photographic record of this central section of the city prior to its demolition in accordance with the City of Glasgow Improvements Act of 1866, is widely recognized as a classic of nineteenth-century documentary photography. Annan’s achievement as a photographer of paintings, portraits and landscapes is less widely known. Thomas Annan of Glasgow: Pioneer of the Documentary Photograph offers a handy, comprehensive and copiously illustrated overview of the full range of the photographer’s work. The book opens with a brief account of the immediate context of Annan’s career as a photographer: the astonishing florescence of photography in Victorian Scotland. Successive chapters deal with each of the main fields of his activity, touching along the way on issues such as the nineteenth-century debate over the status of photography — a mechanical practice or an artistic one? — and the still ongoing controversies surrounding the documentary photograph in particular. While the text itself is intended for the general reader, extensive endnotes amplify particular themes and offer guidance to readers interested in pursuing them further.

Thomas Annan --- photography --- documentary --- Glasgow --- portraits --- landscapes --- Victorian Scotland

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First Published in 2003. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

animal,realm,brute,creation,irrational,animals,thomas,tryon,human,similarities

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This book describes stages of development of the conception of an ideal republic that is fundamentally based on practical reason. It is widely understood that this conception is paradigmatically represented in the political thought of Aristotle and conveyed by its reception by Thomas Aquinas. This early concept of a liberal republic - which is in some ways certainly marked by the constraints of ancient philosophy on the whole, is even considered to have contributed to the development of the modern state and its instruments of political reason.Part 1 presents Aristotle's conception of "civil society" which is built upon man in his specific nature of humanity. From this point of view "political" government is intrinsically related to the mutual recognition of free and equal fellow citizens. Thus establishes a strict standard of criticism of any arbitrary or illegitimate presumption of political power. Nevertheless, Aristotle's "Republic" relies on limiting conditions of political subsistence as they arise from a specific ancient point of view that sets a clear limit to our modern expectation of freedom and equality. Above all, subjectivity, at least the perfection of virtuous citizenship, is supposed to be indispensably linked to a specific political, institutional and moral framework. This framework is derived from Aristotle's concept of "teleology", which pervades his whole philosophy. Therefore, Aristotle's approach shall be investigated in a most complex and comprehensive way in its close systematic link to all fields of philosophy, including practical reason, physics and metaphysics, in order to enable a most distinct historical judgement that will also finally reveal its actual significance. E.g. Aristotle's concept of teleology, though introduced by the investigation of "natural movement", is also applied to his ethics of practical reason. This does not imply, however, any dependence of law or politics on natural goals, but only reclaims a fundamental structural analogy between both, nature and habits, while adhering to their clear methodological separation.Part 2 is devoted to elaborate the systematic transformations and shifts of emphasis that have occurred, when Aristotle's concept of teleology and practical reason - within the work of Thomas Aquinas - encountered the specific philosophical demands and the different approach of Christian tradition. As a religion that is concerned with the view of eschatological anticipation and the experience of historical revelation, Christianity turned out to introduce a first perspective of "historical" thinking that was aimed to partly break down the more restricted ancient concept of ethics and politics. Being however constrained to a mere theological explanation, freedom of man is gaining a more universal and transcendent notion. The fulfilment of human nature is basically detached from its ancient close link to politics. But this development also changes the significance and the structures of the political and public sphere. It turns out to weaken and dilute the institutional achievements of the aristotelian republic. On the other hand the new resort to the universal demand of the transcendent "common good" as the ultimate goal of human life, rather than to the developed customs of the ancient city, also favours a process of accelerating and diversifying individual and social human goals and practices. And this development focuses the status of Aquinas' concept of the "Law" that however transcends a mere authoritarian or "material" notion of ethics and law. Furthermore it takes over the legitimising tasks of the ancient community of free and virtuous citizens in procuring a legitimate basis of politics. And this basis is now gaining a higher degree of "universality" with regard to its transcendental reason as well as its concern with the expansion of moral subjectivity, which finally leads up to the political demands of modern times.

Aristotele, Thomas Aquina, teleology, practical reason, Law, republic --- Aristoteles, Thomas von Aquin, Teleologie, Praktische Vernunft, Gesetz, Republik

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This book was conceived with the idea of collecting as far as possible all the MLG loanwords in Russian and analysing the conditions in which these words were adopted.

German --- Lehnwort --- Linguistik --- Loanwords --- Middle --- Philologie --- Russian --- Russland --- Slavische Sprachwissenschaft --- Thomas