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Above ground biomass has been listed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change as one of the five most prominent, visible, and dynamic terrestrial carbon pools. The increased awareness of the impacts of climate change has seen a burgeoning need to consistently assess carbon stocks to combat carbon sequestration. An accurate estimation of carbon stocks and an understanding of the carbon sources and sinks can aid the improvement and accuracy of carbon flux models, an important pre-requisite of climate change impact projections. Based on 15 research topics, this book demonstrates the role of remote sensing in quantifying above ground biomass (forest, grass, woodlands) across varying spatial and temporal scales. The innovative application areas of the book include algorithm development and implementation, accuracy assessment, scaling issues (local–regional–global biomass mapping), and the integration of microwaves (i.e. LiDAR), along with optical sensors, forest biomass mapping, rangeland productivity and abundance (grass biomass, density, cover), bush encroachment biomass, and seasonal and long-term biomass monitoring.

multi-angle remote sensing --- forest structure information --- vegetation indices --- forest biomass --- Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Factor --- biomass --- yield --- AquaCrop model --- spectral index --- particle swarm optimization --- winter wheat --- TerraSAR-X --- Landsat --- pasture biomass --- Wambiana grazing trial --- foliage projective cover --- fractional vegetation cover --- ALOS2 --- mixed forest --- biomass --- lidar --- NDVI --- grass biomass --- SPLSR --- vegetation indices --- estimation accuracy --- pasture biomass --- ground-based remote sensing --- ultrasonic sensor --- field spectrometry --- sensor fusion --- short grass --- alpine grassland conservation --- anthropogenic disturbance --- ecological policies --- climate change --- grazing exclusion --- grazing management --- regional sustainability --- rice --- biomass --- dry matter index --- chlorophyll index --- CIRed-edge --- NDLMA --- forest above ground biomass (AGB) --- random forest --- mapping --- alpine meadow grassland --- above-ground biomass --- inversion model --- error analysis --- applicability evaluation --- Land Surface Phenology --- wetlands --- above ground biomass --- NDVI --- MODIS time series --- food security --- Sahel --- Niger --- rangeland productivity --- livestock --- MODIS --- NDVI --- aboveground biomass --- Atriplex nummularia --- carbon mitigation --- carbon inventory --- forage crops --- remote sensing --- vegetation index --- stem volume --- dry biomass --- conifer --- broadleaves --- light detection and ranging (LiDAR) --- regression analysis --- correlation coefficient --- n/a

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Human needs like food and clean water are directly related to good maintenance of healthy and productive soils. A good understanding of human impact on the natural environment is therefore necessary to preserve and manage soil and water resources. This knowledge is particularly important in semi-arid and arid regions, where the increasing demands on limited water supplies require urgent efforts to improve water quality and water use efficiency. It is important to keep in mind that both soil and water are limited resources. Thus, wise use of these natural resources is a fundamental prerequisite for the sustainability of human societies. This book collects 15 original scientific contributions addressing the state of the art of soil and water conservation research. Contributions cover a wide range of topics, including (1) recovery of soil hydraulic properties; (2) erosion risk; (3) novel modeling, monitoring and experimental approaches for soil hydraulic characterization; (4) improvement of crop yields; (5) water availability; and (6) soil salinity. This collection provides more insights into conservation strategies for effective and sustainable soil and water management.

soil moisture storage --- van Genuchten model --- distributed model --- Xin’anjiang model --- TOPMODEL --- bimsoils --- critical hydraulic gradient (CHG) --- response surface methodology --- multi-parameter evaluation --- laboratory experiment --- soil block --- subsurface flow --- macropore network --- spatial scale --- polyurethane foam --- hillslope --- soil water content --- field observation --- three-dimensional model --- numerical model --- delta plain --- shallow groundwater --- unsaturated soil --- Richards equation --- the Trefftz method --- transient --- the meshless method --- vineyards --- infiltration rate --- age of planting --- saturated hydraulic conductivity --- Malawi --- conservation agriculture --- peer effects --- decision tree modeling --- olive grove --- sap flow --- relative transpiration --- FDR sensor --- EM38 --- fraction transpiration soil water --- transdisciplinary research --- Follow-the-Innovation --- innovation development --- electromagnetic induction meter (EM) --- The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) software --- AquaCrop --- cereals --- DSSAT --- field scattering --- food security --- microdose fertilization --- rainfall variability --- tied ridges --- upgrading strategies --- soil properties --- saturated soil hydraulic conductivity --- soil infiltration --- Beerkan method --- post-fire soil hydraulic characterization --- infiltration --- bottomless bucket method --- single-ring infiltrometer --- field-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity --- data analysis procedures --- environmental change --- local perception --- food security --- adaptation --- soil tillage --- tillage erosion --- seedbed preparation --- water infiltration --- nitrogen use efficiency --- specific leaf water content --- vegetable production --- soil --- yield --- water and soil conservation --- sustainable land management --- soil erosion --- soil water storage --- water infiltration --- water availability --- crop yields