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Music impinges upon the body and the brain. As such, it has significant inductive power which relies both on innate dispositions and acquired mechanisms and competencies. The processes are partly autonomous and partly deliberate, and interrelations between several levels of processing are becoming clearer with accumulating new evidence. For instance, recent developments in neuroimaging techniques, have broadened the field by encompassing the study of cortical and subcortical processing of the music. The domain of musical emotions is a typical example with a major focus on the pleasure that can be derived from listening to music. Pleasure, however, is not the only emotion to be induced and the mechanisms behind its elicitation are far from understood. There are also mechanisms related to arousal and activation that are both less differentiated and at the same time more complex than the assumed mechanisms that trigger basic emotions. It is imperative, therefore, to investigate what pleasurable and mood-modifying effects music can have on human beings in real-time listening situations. This e-book is an attempt to answer these questions. Revolving around the specificity of music experience in terms of perception, emotional reactions, and aesthetic assessment, it presents new hypotheses, theoretical claims as well as new empirical data which contribute to a better understanding of the functions of the brain as related to musical experience.

Music --- Functions of the brain --- Arousal --- Emotions --- Pleasure-Pain Principle

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Music processing in severely brain-injured patients with disorders of consciousness has been an emergent field of interest for over 30 years, spanning the disciplines of neuroscience, medicine, the arts and humanities. Disorders of consciousness (DOC) is an umbrella term that encompasses patients who present with disorders across a continuum of consciousness including people who are in a coma, in vegetative state (VS)/have unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), and in minimally conscious state (MCS). Technological developments in recent years, resulting in improvements in medical care and technologies, have increased DOC population numbers, the means for investigating DOC, and the range of clinical and therapeutic interventions under validation. In neuroimaging and behavioural studies, the auditory modality has been shown to be the most sensitive in diagnosing awareness in this complex population. As misdiagnosis remains a major problem in DOC, exploring auditory responsiveness and processing in DOC is, therefore, of central importance to improve therapeutic interventions and medical technologies in DOC. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the role of music as a potential treatment and medium for diagnosis with patients with DOC, from the perspectives of research, clinical practice and theory. As there are almost no treatment options, such a non-invasive method could constitute a promising strategy to stimulate brain plasticity and to improve consciousness recovery. It is therefore an ideal time to draw together specialists from diverse disciplines and interests to share the latest methods, opinions, and research on this topic in order to identify research priorities and progress inquiry in a coordinated way. This Research Topic aimed to bring together specialists from diverse disciplines involved in using and researching music with DOC populations or who have an interest in theoretical development on this topic. Specialists from the following disciplines participated in this special issue: neuroscience; medicine; music therapy; clinical psychology; neuromusicology; and cognitive neuroscience.

Music --- Brain Injury --- disorders of consciousness --- Coma --- vegetative state --- Minimally Conscious State --- Rehabilitation --- sensory stimulation --- Music Therapy --- Arousal

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Sleep-related symptoms are common in the majority of psychiatric diagnostic categories. The overlap of sleep and psychiatric disorders have been demonstrated in numerous studies. The understanding of sleep and child psychiatry has progressively evolved in the last decade and newer insights have developed regarding the complex interaction between sleep and psychopathology. This collection of articles represents updates on sleep and psychiatric disorders with medical and neurological co-morbidities in children and adolescents.

Theory of Mind --- sleep --- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder --- executive functions --- emotional information processing cognition --- social functioning --- sleep disordered breathing --- obstructive sleep apnea --- children --- attention --- learning --- behavior --- adolescent --- cannabis --- sleep --- interventions --- traumatic brain injury --- anxiety --- depression --- post-traumatic stress --- attention deficit disorder --- sleep–wake disorders --- narcolepsy --- schizophrenia --- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder --- depression --- anxiety --- psychiatric disorders --- child psychiatry --- sleep problems --- medical education --- sleep --- mental health --- electroencephalography (EEG) --- children --- adolescents --- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) --- anxiety --- autism --- arousal --- insomnia --- adolescents --- adolescence --- teenagers --- delayed sleep phase --- cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) --- sleep disturbance --- psychosis --- schizophrenia --- pediatric sleep --- multidisciplinary --- pediatric sleep --- anticipatory guidance --- Acute illness --- children --- circadian disturbance --- mechanical ventilation --- melatonin --- non-pharmacologic management --- pediatric intensive care unit --- screening --- sedation --- autism spectrum disorder --- sleep disorders in ASD --- medications for sleep disorders in ASD --- comorbidities in ASD