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Over the next couple of years, the European Union will face a difficult stage, being confronted with the eventual transition to a monetary union. In the beginning of 1997, it is less clear than ever, if and when the European Monetary Union will eventually be realized, which countries will join in this process, and which countries will benefit from monetary union or are likely to loose out. Using econometric methods, the work attempts to assess the real economic effects of the European Monetary Union. In a first step, differences in labor and goods market adjustment processes between the fifteen member states of the European Union, the United States and Canada are studied in order to evaluate the short-term prospects of monetary union. Turning to the long-run effects, within a second step, convergence of living standards is assessed.

Analysis --- Convergence --- Empirical --- European --- Real --- Schmidt --- Union

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This book analyses the distributional effects of economic growth on different dimensions of poverty in Colombia. It provides a microeconomic perspective on how economic growth affected poverty and inequality at the household level, as well as a macroeconomic perspective on the effects of growth on regional living standards. The study incorporates recent discussions on multidimensional analysis of well-being and goes beyond traditional income based measures, thereby contributing to the ongoing research on how to measure pro-poor growth and on the importance of incorporating different dimensions of well-being in convergence analysis.

Cardozo --- Colombia --- Convergence --- Economic --- Growth --- Growth --- Poverty --- Poverty --- Pro-poor Growth --- Reduction --- Silva --- Social Indicators

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Is the euro area getting closer with regard to business cycles? The study investigates the linkage between business cycle convergence and financial portfolio choice for a panel of 18 European countries. For this purpose an index is constructed which measures the similarity of investment portfolios. The idea is that financial portfolio choice has an impact on business cycles and contributes to convergence via the consumption-wealth linkage. The background of the analysis is the International Asset Pricing Model (IAPM). The results of fixed effects GMM TSLS estimations confirm the linkage. The effect is higher for country-pairs that are built by one euro area member and one member outside the euro area.

Bias --- Business --- Consumption-Wealth-Linkage --- Convergence --- Cycle --- Declining --- European --- Home --- International Asset Pricing Model --- Investors --- Panel Methods --- Portfolio --- Portfolio Choice --- Private --- Schneider --- Similarity

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Open-source electronics are becoming very popular, and are integrated with our daily educational and developmental activities. At present, the use open-source electronics for teaching science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) has become a global trend. Off-the-shelf embedded electronics such as Arduino- and Raspberry-compatible modules have been widely used for various applications, from do-it-yourself (DIY) to industrial projects. In addition to the growth of open-source software platforms, open-source electronics play an important role in narrowing the gap between prototyping and product development. Indeed, the technological and social impacts of open-source electronics in teaching, research, and innovation have been widely recognized.

human-computer interface (HCI) --- electrooculogram (EOG) --- electromyogram (EMG) --- modified sliding window algorithm --- piecewise linear approximation (PLA) --- support vector regression --- eye tracking --- blockchain --- ontology --- context --- cyber-physical systems --- robotics --- interaction --- coalition --- individual management of livestock --- momentum data sensing --- remote sensing platform --- sensor networks --- technology convergence --- industry 4.0 --- distributed measurement systems --- automation networks --- node-RED --- cloud computing --- OPC UA --- hardware trojan taxonomy --- thermal imaging --- side channel analysis --- infrared --- FPGA --- Internet of Things --- wireless sensor networks --- Cloud of Things --- virtual sensor --- sensor detection --- smart cities --- Internet of Things --- Raspberry Pi --- BeagleBoard --- Arduino --- Internet of Things --- open hardware --- smart farming --- teaching robotics --- science teaching --- STEM --- robotic tool --- Python --- Raspberry Pi --- PiCamera --- vision system --- service learning --- robotics --- open platform --- automated vehicle --- EPICS --- open-source platform --- visual algorithms --- digital signal controllers --- embedded systems education --- dsPIC --- Java --- smart converter --- maximum power point tracking (MPPT) --- photovoltaic (PV) system --- Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) --- Digital Signal Processor (DSP) --- interleaved --- DC/DC converter --- distributed energy resource --- n/a

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Advanced Glasses, Composites and Ceramics for High-Growth Industries (CoACH) was a European Training Network (ETN) project (http://www.coach-etn.eu/) funded by the Horizon 2020 program. CoACH involved multiple actors in the innovation ecosystem for advanced materials, composed of five universities and ten enterprises in seven different European countries. The project studied the next generation of materials that could bring innovation in the healthcare, construction, and energy sectors, among others, from new bioactive glasses for bone implants to eco-friendly cements and new environmentally friendly thermoelectrics for energy conversion. The novel materials developed in the CoACH project pave the way for innovative products, improved cost competitiveness, and positive environmental impact. The present Special Issue contains 14 papers resulting from the CoACH project, showcasing the breadth of materials and processes developed during the project.

graphitization --- wood-derived biocarbon --- thermal conductivity --- Thermoelectrics --- GeTe --- Al-doping --- Ba-doping --- loss of band convergence --- lowered zT --- geopolymer composite --- wastes incorporation --- cellulose fibers --- cellulose modification --- solid-liquid interdiffusion (SLID) bonding --- transient-liquid phase bonding (TLPB) --- skutterudite --- high-temperature thermoelectric material --- joining --- glass recycling --- alkali activation --- gel casting --- glass foams --- phosphate glass --- oxyfluoride phosphate glass --- Er2O3-doped particles --- direct particle doping --- Er3+ luminescence property --- glass–ceramic --- shear strength --- elastic modulus --- SOFC --- SOEC --- SOC --- mechanical strength --- flexural biaxial test --- ball-on-3-balls test --- fractography --- residual stresses --- evanescent wave optical fiber sensors --- diffusion --- glass fiber-reinforced polymers --- testing and aging --- Zinc --- silver-doped mesoporous glass --- chitosan --- PCL --- Vicryl Plus suture --- dip coating --- polydopamine --- silver --- antibacterial --- biocompatibility --- bioactive glass-ceramic --- coatings --- Thermoelectrics --- oxidation resistance --- hybrid-coating --- alkali activation --- inorganic gel casting --- glass–ceramic foams --- waste glass --- fly ash --- PMCs --- GFRPs --- seawater exposure --- diffusion --- ageing --- accelerated testing --- gravimetric --- DMA