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Minerals are very significant components of coal from both academic and practical perspectives. Minerals may react when the coal is burned, either forming an ash residue, or, in many cases, releasing volatile components, or being needed to be removed as slag from the blast furnace during metallurgical processing. Minerals in coal can also be a source of unwanted abrasion, stickiness, corrosion, or pollution associated with coal handling and use. Minerals in coal, in some cases, are major carriers of valuable metals, such as Ga, Al, and rare earth elements, and these coals with highly-evaluated valuable metals have the potential to be raw sources for industry use. From the genetic point of view, the minerals in coal are products of the processes associated with peat accumulation and rank advance, as well as other aspects of epigenetic processes, and, thus, the minerals in coal can provide information on the depositional conditions and geologic history of individual coal beds, coal-bearing sequences, and regional tectonic evolution. This Special Issue, “Minerals in Coal”, focuses on providing an up-to-date series of papers, covering research and technological developments in the nature, origin, and significance of the minerals in coal, and productions derived from combustion and gasification.

coal mineralogy --- coal geochemistry --- coal petrology --- coal combustion products

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Since its inception, the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) has coalesced a multidisciplinary and international group of researchers focused on understanding and quantifying Earth’s deep carbon budget. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, and understanding carbon chemistry under a variety of environmental conditions impacts all aspects of planetary sciences, including planet formation, the form and function of planetary interiors, and the origin and diversity of life. DCO recognizes that is integrating and promoting the contributions of early career scientists are integral to the advancement of knowledge regarding the quantities, movements, origins, and forms of Earth’s deep carbon through field, experimental, analytical, and computational research. Early career scientists represent the future of deep carbon science and contribute substantially to ongoing research by implementing innovative ideas, challenging traditional working schemes, and bringing a globally interconnected perspective to the scientific community. This research topic highlights the contributions at the forefront of deep carbon research by DCO Early Career Scientist community. The manuscripts of this Frontiers e-volume bear evidence of the rapid advances in deep carbon science, and highlights the importance of approaching this field from a plethora of different angles integrating disciplines as diverse as mineralogy, geochemistry and microbiology. This integration is fundamental in understanding the movements and transformations of carbon across its deep cycle.

deep carbon --- volcanism --- high temperature high pressure --- geomicrobiology --- geochemistry --- carbon minerals

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This open access book presents a series of complicated hydraulic phenomena and related mechanism of high-speed flows in head-head dam. According to the basic hydraulic theory, detailed experiments and numerical simulations, microscopic scale analysis on cavitation bubbles, air bubbles, turbulent eddy vortices and sand grains are examined systemically. These investigations on microscopic fluid mechanics, including cavitation erosion, aeration protection, air–water flow, energy dissipation and river-bed scouring, allow a deep understanding of hydraulics in high-head dams. This book provides reference for designers and researchers in hydraulic engineering, environment engineering and fluid mechanics.

Geoengineering, Foundations, Hydraulics --- Civil Engineering --- Mechanical Engineering --- Hydraulic Engineering --- Hydraulics --- High-head Dam --- Cavitation Erosion --- Aeration Protection --- Air-water Flow --- Energy Dissipation --- Scouring --- Sediment Transport --- Open Access --- Meteorology & climatology --- Geochemistry --- Civil engineering, surveying & building

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Within the last decade, the high and continuing demand for precious and base metals, as well as critical elements, has prompted a global rush on a scale never before seen. This eventually resulted in the demand for considerable innovation and improvement in mineral deposit genetic modelling and ore formation regimes for the many different types of gold deposits, now recognized, and paralleled by the wide employment of exploration techniques and a rapid expansion of geological databases. This Special Issue will show case studies of porphyry polymetal systems, orogenic gold formations, water–rock reaction, ore-forming structure evolution, mineralogy and petrology of ore deposit, ore formation regime, geochronology and geochemistry of ore deposit, ore-forming evolution, mineral exploration and cutting-edge technology in ore deposit study.

W–Sn skarn --- whole-rock geochemistry --- Huangshaping --- Shizhuyuan --- Xianghualing --- Rare-Earth Elements --- C–O isotopes --- hydrothermal calcite --- ore-forming processes --- Phapon gold deposit --- oxidation state --- hydrous melts --- constraints on mineralization --- Beiya Au deposit --- SW China --- zircon geochronology --- magmatic oxygen fugacity --- petrogenesis --- Zaozigou deposit --- West Qinling --- archean basement --- quartz vein --- hydrothermal alteration halo --- Pinglidian gold deposit --- Jiaodong --- geochemistry --- U–Pb zircon age --- Sr–Nd isotopes --- Haoyaoerhudong gabbro --- Inner Mongolia --- geochronology --- Hf isotopes --- petrogenesis --- paleo-Tethyan ocean closure --- Zaorendao gold deposit --- West Qinling --- syenite --- post-collisional --- niobium mineralization --- Saima deposit --- Liaoning Province --- invisible gold --- visible gold --- LA-ICP-MS --- Yangshan gold belt --- West Qinling --- zircon U-Pb dating --- molybdenite Re-Os dating --- zircon Hf isotopes --- Weilasituo Sn-polymetallic deposit --- Inner Mongolia --- orogenic-gold deposit --- mineral geo-thermometry --- physicochemical condition of mineralization --- Zhengchong gold deposit --- Jiangnan orogenic belt --- lithospheric architecture --- metallogenesis --- Hf-Nd isotopic mapping --- Liaodong Peninsula --- North China Craton --- zircon U–Pb geochronology --- Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes --- low Sr and high Yb A2-type granite --- Xianghualing --- South China --- fluid inclusion --- stable isotopes --- gold deposition --- Sanshandao gold deposit --- Jiaodong --- fluid inclusions --- H–O isotope --- immiscibility --- water–rock interaction --- Sizhuang gold deposit --- Jiaodong Peninsula --- China --- Pulang porphyry Cu (–Mo–Au) deposit --- LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating --- molybdenite Re–Os dating --- high-silica adakitic rocks (HSA) --- Northwestern Yunnan Province --- C–H–O isotopes --- fluid inclusion --- Koka deposit --- orogenic gold deposit --- ore shoots --- structural control --- geostatistics --- Sizhuang gold deposit --- Jiaodong Peninsula --- skarn mineralogy --- high fugacity --- garnet Sm–Nd dating --- Late Cretaceous --- Hongshan skarn deposit --- mantle branch --- metallogenesis --- ore-controlling structures --- metallogenic rule --- ore prospecting target --- Jiaodong area --- zircon U–Pb dating --- Re–Os dating --- middle–late Jurassic --- Mo-polymetallic deposit --- Great Xing’an Range --- Dongbulage --- A-type granite --- tin mineralization --- Tiantangshan tin polymetallic deposit --- SE China --- Chishan alkaline complex --- rock geochemistry --- zircon U–Pb dating --- Lu–Hf isotopes --- Hegenshan-Heihe suture zone --- Cu-Au hydrothermal mineralization --- Hongyan deposit --- Permian A-type granite --- granite petrogenesis --- magmatic oxygen fugacity --- post-collisional slab break-off --- quartz --- trace element --- precipitation mechanism --- in situ study --- sericite --- acidity --- formation temperature --- n/a

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The cryosphere is very sensitive to climate change, and glaciers represent one of the most important archives of atmospheric composition and its variability. From the Himalaya to the European Alps, the longest mid-latitude mountain chain in the world, lie thousands of glaciers that have collected atmospheric compounds over the last millennia. China and Italy are located at the opposite terminals of this long mountain chain, comprising strategic positions for understanding climate evolution and providing important information for the modeling of future climates. The results presented are highlights of some of the most recent advances in cryospheric studies, especially on the topic of mineral dust and aerosols in the atmosphere. They evidence the complexity of the chemical–physical processes involving solid compounds occurring in glacier, snow, and permafrost environments, covering different aspects such as spatial and temporal trends, as well as the impact of mineral and nonmineral particles. Results also show that recent advances in measurement techniques and source apportionment may be powerful and sophisticated tools to provide novel, high-quality scientific information.

Arctic --- Arctic rapid warming --- global warming hiatus --- global warming slowdown --- particulate matter --- simultaneous measurements --- mineral elements --- compositional data analysis --- ultra-dilution --- droplets --- water --- evaporation --- X-ray fluorescence --- cryoconite --- POPs --- microbiology --- long-range transport --- cryosphere --- contaminants --- bacteria --- atmospheric mineral dust --- ice core --- Antarctica --- paleoclimate --- synchrotron radiation --- X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy --- X-ray fluorescence --- iron geochemistry --- synchrotron radiation --- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy --- X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy --- trace elements --- cryospheric sciences --- snow --- ice --- dust --- TXRF --- polycapillary optics --- low concentration elemental analysis --- mineral dust --- XANES --- paleoclimatology --- ice cores --- southern hemisphere --- Laohugou glacier --- snow --- insoluble dust --- iron speciation --- XANES and LCF --- XAS spectroscopy --- synchrotron radiation --- environment --- synchrotron radiation --- ice core, atmospheric mineral dust --- X-ray absorption spectroscopy