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Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit und Langzeitsozialhilfebezug sind Kennzeichen struktureller Arbeitslosigkeit. Die leistungsfeindliche Ausgestaltung des Systems der Arbeitslosenunterstützung und der Sozialhilfe mit – ökonomisch betrachtet – exorbitant hohen «Spitzensteuersätzen» auf die eigenen Verdienste von Hilfeempfängern trägt zur Verlängerung des Hilfebezugs bei. In dieser Arbeit werden Alternativen zum Status quo vorgestellt und kritisch diskutiert. Ein eigener Reformvorschlag – das Einstiegsgeld für Langzeitarbeitslose – wird entwickelt. Das Einstiegsgeld wird seit 1999 in Modellversuchen in 16 Städten und Kreisen in Baden-Württemberg und Hessen in der Praxis getestet.

Einkommensteuer --- Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit --- Lohnsubventionen --- Negative --- Spermann

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Cooperative decisions of multiple vehicles need a collaborative perception. Therefore, fusion methods for ego and environmental information are developed and evaluated. Precondition for the registration of data in a common coordinates is the accurate localization. This is realized by a fusion approach with absolute data of GPS and relative data of a dead reckoning system. A decentral fusion procedure combines a recursive multi-target tracking of detections with a grid-based mapping. Thus, negative sensor evidences can be formulated and missing detections are recognized.

Kooperative Fahrzeuge, Negative Sensorevidenz, Informationsfusioncooperative vehicles, negative sensor evidence, data fusion

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Extended object tracking deals with estimating the shape and pose of an object based on noisy point measurements. This task is not straightforward, as we may be faced with scarce low-quality measurements, little a priori information, or we may be unable to observe the entire target. This work aims to address these challenges by incorporating ideas from active contours and exploiting information from negative measurements, which tell us where the target cannot be.

Tracking, Ausgedehnte Objekte, Negative Information, Aktive Modelle, Bilddatenverarbeitung, Tracking, Extended Objects, Negative Information, Active Models, Computer Vision

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There is abundant evidence showing a strong association between trauma exposure, psychotic symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early trauma exposure contributes to the formation of psychotic symptoms and the development of psychotic disorders or severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and treatment-refractory major depression. Furthermore, among persons with psychotic disorders, multiple traumatization over the lifetime is common, due to factors such as social stigma, the criminalization of severe mental illness, and increased vulnerability to interpersonal victimization. In addition to these factors is the traumatic nature of experiencing psychotic symptoms and coercive treatments such as involuntary hospitalization and being placed in seclusion or restraints. Not surprisingly, these high rates of trauma lead to high rates of PTSD in people with psychotic disorders, which are associated with more severe symptoms, worse functioning, and greater use of acute care services. In addition to the impact of trauma on the development of psychotic disorders and comorbid PTSD, traumatic experiences such as childhood sexual and physical abuse can shape the nature of prominent psychotic symptoms such as the content of auditory hallucinations and delusional beliefs. Additionally, traumatic experiences have been implicated in the role of ‘stress responsivity’ and increased risk for transition to psychosis in those identified as being at clinical high risk of developing psychosis. Finally, although the diagnostic criteria for PTSD primarily emphasize the effects of trauma on anxiety, avoidance, physiological over-arousal, and negative thoughts, it is well established that PTSD is frequently accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions that cannot be attributed to another DSM-V Axis I disorder such as psychotic depression or schizophrenia. Understanding the contribution of traumatic experiences to the etiology of psychosis and other symptoms can inform the provision of cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis, including the development of a shared formulation of the events leading up to the onset of the disorder, as well as other trauma-informed treatments that address distressing and disabling symptoms associated with trauma and psychosis. Until recently the trauma treatment needs of this population have been neglected, despite the high rates of trauma and PTSD in persons with psychotic disorders, and in spite of substantial gains made in the treatment of PTSD in the general population. Fortunately, progress in recent years has provided encouraging evidence that PTSD can be effectively treated in people with psychotic disorders using interventions adapted from PTSD treatments developed for the general population. In contrast to clinician fears about the untoward effects of trauma-focused treatments on persons with a psychotic disorder, research indicates that post-traumatic disorders can be safely treated, and that participants frequently experience symptom relief and improved functioning. There is a need to develop a better understanding of the interface between trauma, psychosis, and post-traumatic disorder. This Frontiers Research Topic is devoted to research addressing this interface.

Psychosis --- Trauma --- Childhood Trauma --- PTSD --- Lived Experience --- Psychological Interventions --- Negative Symptoms --- Auditory Hallucinations

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Im Laufe der letzten Jahre werden vor dem Hintergrund der anhaltenden und weiterhin ansteigenden hohen Arbeitslosigkeit arbeitsmarkt- und beschäftigungspolitische Instrumente diskutiert, die nicht - wie meist üblich - an der Arbeitsmenge, sondern am Preis für Arbeit ansetzen. Zu diesen Instrumenten gehören die negative Einkommensteuer und Lohnsubventionen. Ziel und Inhalt des Bandes ist die Effizienzanalyse der beiden Instrumente im Rahmen der modernen Arbeitsmarkttheorien und der Neuen Institutionenökonomik. Innerhalb dieser theoretischen Konzepte erweisen sich beide Instrumente als effizienzsteigernde, d.h. beschäftigungsfördernde Maßnahmen, wobei der negativen Einkommensteuer eine höhere Wirksamkeit als den Lohnsubventionen zugebilligt werden kann.

Arbeitsmarkttheorien --- Beschäftigungspolitik --- Einkommensteuer --- Einkommenstransfers --- Institutionenökonomik --- Instrumente --- Lichte --- Lohnsubventionen --- moderner --- Negative --- Neuen --- Sesselmeier