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Books before print – manuscripts – were modified continuously throughout the medieval period. Focusing on the ninth and twelfth centuries, this volume explores such material changes as well as the varying circumstances under which handwritten books were produced, used and collected. An important theme is the relationship between the physical book and its users. Can we reflect on reading practices through an examination of the layout of a text? To what extent can we use the contents of libraries to understand the culture of the book? The volume explores such issues by focusing on a broad palette of texts and through a detailed analysis of manuscripts from all corners of Europe.

manuscripts --- medieval period

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Time is the crucial ingredient in history, and yet historians rarely talk about time as such. These essays offer new insight into the development of modern conceptions of time, from the Christian dating system (BC/AD or BCE/CE) to the idea of “modernity” as a new epoch in human history. Are the Gregorian calendar, world standard time, and modernity itself simply impositions of Western superiority? How did the idea of stages of history culminating in the modern period arise? Is time really ac...

modern period, modern conceptions, human history, time

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The Roman occupation of the Iberian northwest led to the emergence of the epigraphic habit, a new practice of cultural communication introduced by the imperial administration and its agents. Local peoples rapidly adopted this trend, which was disseminated through its social elites. As a form of communication, epigraphs were mainly used for both individual and communal celebrations and self-representations. The material that is evidence of this practice, the engraved surfaces with writings on a variety of topics, are today privileged sources that enable us to address the challenges posed by the study of the societies of classical antiquity, despite the fact that they can provide only a fragmentary picture of the world from which they arise. These are the main concerns of this research, which focuses on southern Callaecia. From a starting point of the review of the epigraphic data originating from western Bracarensis, an attempt has been made to clarify its nature, chronology and representativeness, investigating some of the markers of the society that gave life to the territory, settlements and roads they were connected by during Roman rule.

epigraphy --- society --- western conventvs Bracaraugustanus --- roman period

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Regions and regionalism have been staples of historical analysis for the Greek world for a very long time. What is meant by a region, however, is not always obvious. The contributions in this volume seek to address the question of defining regions and working out the implications of regionalism along different dimensions of analysis for Asia Minor in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Looking at culture, coinage, political institutions, the papers explore different markers of regional identity, consider ways in which these identities may remain stable or change over time, review the character of the interaction between regional entities and hegemonic powers, and challenge the usefulness in some cases of regional analysis. Questions of ethnicity are also addressed. This volume will be of interest to historians working in Asia Minor and also to anyone concerned with the conceptual questions around regions and regionalism in the Mediterranean world.

Antiquity --- Hellenistic civilization --- Hellenistic period --- regionalism --- hegemony

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This book analyses the society, economy, settlement, and culture of the territory of present-day Estonia in the period of ca AD 450–1050. This period is known in the Estonian archaeological chronology as the Migration Period, the Pre-Viking Age, and the Viking Age. This was an era of rapid change, by the end of which traditional Estonian peasant culture as it is known until the 19th century had developed. Whereas in Western Europe written sources from the second half of the first millennium AD herald the arrival of the Middle Ages, there is an almost complete absence of written information about the prevailing conditions and events that took place in the area of present-day Estonia. There are only remains of the farms and fortresses of that time beneath the earth, as well as cemeteries, overgrown field baulks and clearance cairns, and the large amount of excavated ancient objects or fragments thereof. Many aspects of prehistoric life cannot be researched because the source material is not extant and there is no hope of finding it. Moreover, many phenomena of human life do not generate archaeological source material. Thus our overall understanding of the Estonian Middle Iron Age and the Viking Age is inevitably fragmentary and superficial.

migration period --- estonian archaeology --- pre-viking age --- viking age