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Wissenschaft meint seit jeher nicht nur theoretische Reflexion, sondern immer auch gesellschaftliche Praxis. Heute steht diese Praxis, die Welt der modernen Wissenschaften und ihrer institutionellen Formen mitten im Strom tiefgreifender Veränderungen – Exzellenzinitiativen und Clusterbildung, Studiengebührenfinanzierung und Bologna-Prozess, Wettbewerbsstrukturen, Globalhaushalte und externe Management-Maßstäbe sind hierfür nur einige illustrierende Schlagworte. Den Handlungsdrang der deutschen Hochschulpolitik im Blick gerät naturgemäß auch das Wissenschaftsrecht in Bewegung. Fragen seiner verfassungsrechtlichen Grundierung und seiner verwaltungsrechtlichen Feinzeichnung sind so umstritten wie lange nicht. Das Leitmotiv, ob das heutige Wissenschaftsrecht in erster Linie dem Schutz der individuellen Forschungsleistungen einzelner Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler dient oder ein Baukasten zur Modernisierung der Hochschulen ist, führt wiederkehrend zu den Grundfragen des modernen Öffentlichen Rechts. Diese Entwicklungen vor Augen beging das Institut für Öffentliches Recht an der Juristischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen seine Neugründung mit einer Arbeitstagung zum Thema „Aktuelle Probleme des Wissenschaftsrechts“. Die Beiträge der Tagung enthält dieser Band. Er ist der erste einer neuen Schriftenreihe zum Öffentlichen Recht.

public law

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Exploring how justice is delivered at a time of rapid technological transformation, Justice in the Digital State exposes urgent issues surrounding the modernisation of courts and tribunals whilst examining the effects of technology on established systems. Case studies investigate the rise of crowdfunded judicial reviews, the digitalisation of tribunals and the rise of ‘agile’ methodologies in building administrative justice systems. Joe Tomlinson’s cutting-edge research offers an authoritative and much-needed guide for navigating through the challenges of digital disruption.

access to justice --- administrative justice --- public administration --- public law --- technology

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The book examines the potential models of incorporation (ways of embedding rights into domestic law) for economic and social rights (ESR) at the national and devolved level and the justiciability mechanisms (adjudication by a court) that enable access to effective remedies in court for violations of ESR. In so doing the book develops principles of ESR adjudication (the building blocks of good practice) and categorises justiciability mechanisms for ESR enforcement at both the national and devolved level.

equality & human rights --- public law --- human rights law & civil liberties --- international law --- social justice --- human rights

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The starting point for my thesis, or rather the revised version of my thesis, was the fact that parties in a civil, criminal or administrative case have no legal entitlement either to the launch of judicial review proceedings (Normprüfungsverfahren) by the Austrian constitutional court (VfGH) or to the submission of questions of interpretation to the ECJ. The absence of any such legal entitlement raises the question of whether a party could not obtain a remedy by taking the direct route using an Individualantrag or individual application to the constitutional court in accordance with Art 139 or Art 140 B-VG (Austrian Federal Constitutional Act). In practice, however, this route is frequently blocked by the strict prerequisites for admissibility and formal requirements governing an individual application. This paper analyses whether the rigid admission procedure truly reflects the aim of the constitution/legislator. The focus of this paper is thus a detailed analysis of the Individualantrag. In the event of failure to obtain a mandatory preliminary ruling from the ECJ, VfGH practice recognises that this constitutes violation of the Austrian right to a hearing before an impartial and competent judge (Recht auf den gesetzlichen Richter). The thesis/the revised version of this thesis highlights a further interpretation of the above right to a hearing, an interpretation under which unlawful failure to launch a judicial review also constitutes breach of this right. Furthermore, the paper examines whether Art 13 ECHR (Right to an effective remedy) and Art 6 ECHR (Right to a fair trial) are also violated in the two aforementioned cases. Established case law states that claims for state liability on the grounds of state contravention of Community law are to be brought under the constitutional court's Kausalgerichtsbarkeit or jurisdiction for monetary claims against public bodies for which there is no other remedy, in accordance with Art 137 B-VG. In the light of this, this paper looks in detail at why unlawful failure to launch judicial review proceedings can also result in claims for state liability. It also uncovers shortcomings in legal remedy in the implementation of EU law. In the context of the above topics, which form the core of my thesis/the revised version of my thesis, the paper will introduce the system of legal remedy under the Austrian federal constitution including the key ordinary and extraordinary remedies under sovereign, public administration (Hoheitsverwaltung), briefly address legal remedy under private law administration (Privatwirtschaftsverwaltung), and finally outline other institutions with responsibility for legal relief such as the Volksanwaltschaft (Austrian Ombudsman Board) and the Rechnungshof (Austrian Court of Auditors).

Legal protection and its limits in public law --- fair trial --- legal remedies --- effective remedies (human rights) --- to appeal to court of last resort