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The spectra of ionized atoms continue to play an important role in understanding a wide variety of plasmas. The relatively new discipline of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is being used on earth to produce lower ionization stages of atoms for diagnostics of samples, but also in space to determine contents of rocks on Mars and Venus. Spectra of lower stages of ionization are also found in nebulae, interstellar clouds, chemically peculiar stars, and in the sun. For higher ionization stages, there is continuing need for spectra found in the hot plasmas of tokamaks and other machines aimed at developing new energy sources. Since much of the data for these hot plasmas must come from ab initio calculations, laboratory experiments can serve to evaluate the accuracy of the calculations. Experiments with electron beam ion traps (EBITs) can remove all but a few remaining electrons and thus form a basis for evaluating calculations of ions having only a few electrons. This Special Issue of Atoms highlights the need for continuing research on the spectra of all types of ionized atoms.

Spectra --- Ionized Atoms --- Hyperfine Structure --- Isotope Shifts --- Theoretical Calculations

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Crystal Chemistry of Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury that was published in Crystals

ZnS --- wurtzite --- elastic --- mechanical --- phonon --- CdS --- elastic --- mechanical --- phonon dispersion --- wurtzite --- high magnetic field --- solidification --- zinc-rich crystal --- characterization --- crystallography --- EBSD --- zinc --- cadmium --- mercury --- oxochromates(VI) --- crystal chemistry --- oxo-centred polyhedra --- copper amalgams --- dental amalgams --- crystal structure --- Ni3Sn structure type --- zinc --- coordination polymer --- bitopic ligand --- crystal structure --- thermal analysis --- luminescence --- 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid --- bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methane --- 1,3-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propane --- crystal engineering --- coordination polymers --- hydrogen bonding --- structural chemistry --- zinc --- cadmium --- dithiocarbamate --- xanthate --- dithiophosphates --- unusual coordination modes --- transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- traveling heater method --- precipitation --- interface structure --- defects in semiconductors --- CdZnTe --- zinc(II) complexes --- quinaldinic acid --- pyridine --- hydroxyl group --- crystal structure --- hydrogen bond --- room-temperature solid state reaction --- zinc complex --- index of X-ray powder diffraction data --- precursor --- nanometer zinc oxide --- ZnO nanorod arrays --- aqueous solution method --- growth mechanism --- PL spectra

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This Special Issue covers a wide range of topics from fundamental studies to applications of ionized gases. It is dedicated to four topics of interest: 1. ATOMIC COLLISION PROCESSES (electron and photon interactions with atomic particles, heavy particle collisions, swarms, and transport phenomena); 2. PARTICLE AND LASER BEAM INTERACTION WITH SOLIDS (atomic collisions in solids, sputtering and deposition, and laser and plasma interactions with surfaces); 3. LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMAS (plasma spectroscopy and other diagnostic methods, gas discharges, and plasma applications and devices); 4. GENERAL PLASMAS (fusion plasmas, astrophysical plasmas, and collective phenomena). This Special Issue of Atoms will highlight the need for continued research on ionized gas physics in different topics ranging from fundamental studies to applications, and will review current investigations.

strong-field physics --- attoscience --- bicircular field --- high-order harmonic generation --- above-threshold ionization --- spin-polarized electrons --- capacitively-coupled discharge --- oxygen --- particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision --- electron heating --- secondary electron emission --- Large Helical Device (LHD) --- deuterium experiment --- ion temperature of 10 keV --- plasma research --- spectroscopic study --- dispersion interferometer --- modified theories of gravity --- methods: analytical --- methods: numerical --- galaxies: elliptical --- galaxies: fundamental parameters --- non-equilibrium --- collisions --- radiation --- planetary atmospheric entry --- laser matter interaction --- laser-induced breakdown --- plasma --- spectroscopy --- streak camera --- plasma --- spectral lines --- Stark broadening --- oxygen --- silicon --- spectroscopy --- gas discharges --- plasma applications --- databases --- virtual observatory --- cross sections --- rate coefficients --- runway electron --- plasma current --- fusion plasma --- tokamak --- glow discharge --- argon --- nitrogen admixture --- discharge voltage --- diffuse discharge --- constricted discharge --- electrical theory of DBDs --- QV-plot --- instantaneous power --- rainbow scattering --- positron channeling effect --- time-dependent Schrödinger equation --- chiral single wall carbon nanotubes --- black hole physics --- cosmology --- quasar spectroscopy --- cosmological parameters --- ionized gas --- broad line region --- Rydberg atoms --- dynamic instability --- control of atomic states --- Förster resonance --- plasma spectroscopy --- Stark broadening --- plasma diagnostics --- line shape modeling --- Zeeman-Doppler broadening --- Balmer line series --- radiative recombination --- photoacoustic --- photothermal --- inverse problem --- thermal memory --- minimum volume cell --- neural networks --- thermal diffusivity --- conductivity --- linear coefficient of thermal extension --- AGN --- black holes --- gravitational waves --- binary black holes --- quasars --- photodetachment --- magnetically confined fusion --- neutral beam injection --- plasma heating --- optical cavity amplification --- low-energy electrons --- electron–molecule interactions --- astrochemistry --- laboratory plasma --- astrophysical plasma --- fusion plasma --- lasers --- stars --- extragalactic objects --- spectra --- spectroscopy --- scaling laws

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Quantitative land remote sensing has recently advanced dramatically, particularly in China. It has been largely driven by vast governmental investment, the availability of a huge amount of Chinese satellite data, geospatial information requirements for addressing pressing environmental issues and other societal benefits. Many individuals have also fostered and made great contributions to its development, and Prof. Xiaowen Li was one of these leading figures. This book is published in memory of Prof. Li. The papers collected in this book cover topics from surface reflectance simulation, inversion algorithm and estimation of variables, to applications in optical, thermal, Lidar and microwave remote sensing. The wide range of variables include directional reflectance, chlorophyll fluorescence, aerosol optical depth, incident solar radiation, albedo, surface temperature, upward longwave radiation, leaf area index, fractional vegetation cover, forest biomass, precipitation, evapotranspiration, freeze/thaw snow cover, vegetation productivity, phenology and biodiversity indicators. They clearly reflect the current level of research in this area. This book constitutes an excellent reference suitable for upper-level undergraduate students, graduate students and professionals in remote sensing.

evapotranspiration --- Northeast China --- MS–PT algorithm --- spatial-temporal variations --- controlling factors --- potential evapotranspiration --- vegetation remote sensing --- reflectance model --- spectra --- leaf --- copper --- PROSPECT --- leaf area density --- terrestrial LiDAR --- tree canopy --- vertical structure --- voxel --- spatial representativeness --- heterogeneity --- validation --- land-surface temperature products (LSTs) --- observations --- HiWATER --- remote sensing --- spatiotemporal representative --- cost-efficient, sampling design --- heterogeneity --- validation --- FY-3C/MERSI --- GLASS --- Land surface temperature --- Land surface emissivity --- GPP --- SIF --- MuSyQ-GPP algorithm --- BEPS --- vegetation phenology --- Tibetan Plateau --- MODIS --- NDVI --- start of growing season (SOS) --- end of growing season (EOS) --- GLASS LAI time series --- forest disturbance --- disturbance index --- latent heat --- machine learning algorithms --- plant functional type --- high-resolution freeze/thaw --- AMSR2 --- MODIS --- LAI --- ZY-3 MUX --- GF-1 WFV --- HJ-1 CCD --- maize --- PROSPECT-5B+SAILH (PROSAIL) model --- spatial heterogeneity --- variability --- evapotranspiration --- land surface variables --- probability density function --- HiWATER --- spectral --- albedometer --- interference filter --- photoelectric detector --- validation --- land surface albedo --- multi-scale validation --- rugged terrain --- MRT-based model --- MCD43A3 C6 --- precipitation --- statistics methods --- China --- Tibetan Plateau --- South China’s --- drought --- SPI --- TMI data --- crop-growing regions --- downward shortwave radiation --- machine learning --- gradient boosting regression tree --- AVHRR --- CMA --- BRDF --- aerosol --- MODIS --- sunphotometer --- arid/semiarid --- solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence --- fluorescence quantum efficiency in dark-adapted conditions (FQE) --- SCOPE --- Fraunhofer Line Discrimination (FLD) --- gross primary productivity (GPP) --- longwave upwelling radiation (LWUP) --- Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) --- surface radiation budget --- hybrid method --- remote sensing --- leaf age --- leaf spectral properties --- leaf area index --- Cunninghamia --- Chinese fir --- canopy reflectance --- NIR --- EVI2 --- geometric optical radiative transfer (GORT) model --- land surface albedo --- snow-free albedo --- rugged terrain --- topographic effects --- black-sky albedo (BSA) --- GPP --- NPP --- MODIS --- validation --- phenology --- RADARSAT-2 --- rice --- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) --- decision tree --- forest canopy height --- aboveground biomass --- ICESat GLAS --- Landsat --- random forest model --- anisotropic reflectance --- BRDF --- rugged terrain --- solo slope --- composite slope --- surface solar irradiance --- geostationary satellite --- polar orbiting satellite --- LUT method --- SURFRAD --- downward shortwave radiation --- daily average value --- Antarctica --- sinusoidal method --- cloud fraction --- interpolation --- boreal forest --- GPP --- spatiotemporal distribution and variation --- meteorological factors --- phenological parameters --- multisource data fusion --- aerosol retrieval --- urban scale --- vegetation dust-retention --- multiple ecological factors --- geographical detector model --- snow cover --- passive microwave --- FY-3C/MWRI --- algorithmic assessment --- China --- land surface temperature --- satellite observations --- flux measurements --- latitudinal pattern --- land cover change --- fractional vegetation cover (FVC) --- multi-data set --- northern China --- spatio-temporal --- inter-annual variation --- uncertainty --- standard error of the mean --- downscaling --- GPP --- spatial heterogeneity --- remote sensing --- subpixel information --- LiDAR --- point cloud --- leaf --- gap fraction --- 3D reconstruction --- biodiversity --- remote sensing --- species richness --- metric comparison --- metric integration --- leaf area index --- MODIS products --- Landsat --- high resolution --- homogeneous and pure pixel filter --- pixel unmixing --- vertical vegetation stratification --- gross primary production (GPP) --- light use efficiency --- dense forest --- MODIS --- VPM --- temperature profiles --- humidity profiles --- n/a --- geometric-optical model --- thermal radiation directionality --- quantitative remote sensing inversion --- scale effects --- comprehensive field experiment