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A mathematical model has been developed for the description of the transport process for low-pressure carbonitriding with ammonia and acetylene. As an example the case hardening steel 18CrNi8 was used. It can be shown that the concentration profiles of carbon and nitrogen as well as the ammonia exhaust gas concentration are described well. Based on the modelling, first simulation runs could be carried out for further optimization of the heat treatment process.

Stofftransport, Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren, Simulation, 18CrNi8 (1.5920), Ammoniak, Acetylenmass transfer, low pressure carbonitriding, simulation, 18CrNi8 (1.5920), ammonia, acetylene

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Climate change is one of the main threats to modern society. This phenomenon is associated with an increase in greenhouse gas (GHGs, mainly carbon dioxide—CO2) emissions due to anthropogenic activities. The main causes are the burning of fossil fuels and land use change (deforestation). Climate change impacts are associated with risks to basic needs (health, food security, and clean water), as well as risks to development (jobs, economic growth, and the cost of living). The processes involving CO2 capture and storage are gaining attention in the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO2 emissions, reducing its concentration in ambient air. The carbon capture and storage (CCS) methodologies comprise three steps: CO2 capture, CO2 transportation, and CO2 storage. Despite the high research activity within this topic, several technological, economic, and environmental issues as well as safety problems remain to be solved, such as the following needs: increase of CO2 capture efficiency, reduction of process costs, and verification of the environmental sustainability of CO2 storage.

CO2 separation --- TBAB --- IGCC --- anti-agglomerant --- micromorphology --- hydrate --- carbon capture and storage --- knowledge mapping --- technological evolution --- CiteSpace --- carbon storage --- the Loess Plateau --- InVEST --- carbon density --- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- supercritical CO2 --- flow instability --- stability map --- CO2 pipeline --- carbon capture and storage (CCS) --- CO2 capture and utilization --- energy dependence --- power-to-methane --- synthetic natural gas --- renewable power --- fossil fuels --- electricity production --- carbon capture --- calcium looping --- life cycle assessment --- GHG mitigation --- CCS --- cement --- techno-economic analysis --- MEA-based absorption --- chilled ammonia --- membrane-assisted CO2 liquefaction --- oxyfuel --- calcium looping --- CO2 capture --- cement production with CO2 capture --- CO2 capture in industry --- CO2 capture retrofitability --- oxyfuel --- chilled ammonia --- membrane-assisted CO2 liquefaction --- calcium looping

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The Special Edition 'Compounds with Polar Metallic Bonding' is a collection of eight original research reports presenting a broad variety of chemical systems, analytical methods, preparative pathways and theoretical descriptions of bonding situations, with the common aim of understanding the complex interplay of conduction electrons in intermetallic compounds that possess different types of dipoles. Coulombic dipoles introduced by electronegativity differences, electric or magnetic dipoles, polarity induced by symmetry reduction—all the possible facets of the term 'polarity'—can be observed in polar intermetallic phases and have their own and, in most cases, unique consequences on the physical and chemical behaviour. Elucidation of the structure–property relationships in compounds with polar metallic bonding is a modern and growing scientific field which combines solid state physics, preparative chemistry, metallurgy, modern analytic methods, crystallography, theoretical calculations of the electronic state and many more disciplines.

intermetallics --- crystal structure --- group-subgroup --- magnetic properties --- XPS --- coloring problem --- band structure --- structure optimizations --- polar intermetallics --- ternary Laves phases --- electronic structure --- X-ray diffraction --- total energy --- stannides --- plumbides --- alkaline-earth --- polar intermetallics --- symmetry reduction --- chemical bond --- Zintl --- Ca14AlSb11 --- polar intermetallic --- thermoelectric --- COHP method --- bonding analyses --- intermetallic compounds --- nitridometalate --- crystal structure --- powder diffraction --- magnetism --- Zintl compounds --- liquid ammonia --- crystal structure --- n/a

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This Special Issue is aimed at presenting the state of the art of the multidisciplinary science concerning all aspects of volcanic plumes, of relevance to the volcanology, climatology, atmospheric science, and remote sensing communities.

calcium carbonate --- crystallization --- hydrogels --- alginate --- xanthan --- SEM --- X-ray diffraction --- carbonation --- micromechanics --- CaCO3 --- cement --- ammonia bicarbonate --- carbon dioxide --- mass-transfer coefficient --- capture --- bubble-column scrubber --- calcium carbonate --- alginate --- Lessonia nigrescens --- electrocrystallization --- multi-wall carbon nanotubes --- potentiometric titration --- calcium carbonate --- phosphorylated chitin --- electrocrystallization --- potentiometric titration --- gas diffusion method --- sedimentary model --- Callovian-Oxfordian --- Amu Darya Basin --- reservoir --- main controlling factors --- MICP --- Sporosarcina pasteurii --- Bacillus subtilis --- bacterial extracellular secretion --- urease --- calcite --- contact angle --- surface energy --- biomineralization --- calcite --- aragonite --- sericin --- nacre --- CO2 --- composite --- hierarchic structure

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The majority of carbon stored in the soils of the world is stored in forests. The refractory nature of some portions of forest soil organic matter also provides the slow, gradual release of organic nitrogen and phosphorus to sustain long term forest productivity. Contemporary and future disturbances, such as climatic warming, deforestation, short rotation sylviculture, the invasion of exotic species, and fire, all place strains on the integrity of this homeostatic system of C, N, and P cycling. On the other hand, the CO2 fertilization effect may partially offset losses of soil organic matter, but many have questioned the ability of N and P stocks to sustain the CO2 fertilization effect.

carbon distribution index --- moisture gradient --- soil organic matter fraction --- soil degradation --- soil available nitrogen --- soil available phosphorus --- temperature --- stand density --- charcoal --- forest soil --- carbon mineralization --- microbial activity --- nitrification --- polyphenols --- temperature --- soil microbial communities --- PLFA --- seasons --- nitrogen dynamics --- gross nitrogen transformations --- Daxing’an Mountains --- climatic factors --- soil nutrients --- forest types --- principal component analyses --- soil structure --- soil pH --- Oxisol --- variable-charge soils --- aluminum accumulator --- seasonal trends --- beech forests --- soil enzymes --- organic matter --- multilevel models --- near natural forest management --- Pinus massoniana plantation --- Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation --- soil greenhouse gas flux --- biolability --- tree-DOM --- dissolved organic matter (DOM) --- carbon --- dissolved organic carbon (DOC) --- stemflow --- throughfall --- alpine forest --- ammonia-oxidizing bacteria --- ammonia-oxidizing archaea --- ammonium --- nitrate --- revegetation --- microbial biomass --- chloroform fumigation extraction --- enzyme activities --- stoichiometric homeostasis --- the Three Gorges Reservoir --- Eucalyptus sp. --- wood volume --- second production cycle --- annual increment average --- soil fertility --- nutrient cycling --- Chamaecyparis forest --- humic substances --- 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) --- P species --- topography --- net primary productivity --- climate zone --- climate --- soil N --- litter N --- climate change --- manuring --- manure pelleting --- northern temperate --- pyrolysis --- information review --- leaf N:P ratio --- P resorption efficiency --- soil P fractions --- P stock --- stand age