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Targeted therapy has developed significantly in the last one and half decades, prescribing specific medications for treatment of particular diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. One of the most exciting recent developments in targeted therapies was the isolation of disease-specific molecules from natural resources, such as animal venoms and plant metabolites/toxins, for use as templates for new drug motif designs. In addition, the study of venom proteins/peptides and toxins naturally targeted mammalian receptors and demonstrated high specificity and selectivity towards defined ion channels of cell membranes. Research has also focsed intensely on receptors. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins addressed the most recent advances using animal venoms, such as frog secretions, bee/ant venoms and plant/fungi toxins, as medicinal therapy. Recent advances in venom/toxin/immunotoxins for targeted cancer therapy and immunotherapy, along with using novel disease-specific venom-based protein/peptide/toxin and currently available FDA-approved drugs for combinationtreatments will be discussed. Finally, we included an overview of select promising toad/snake venom-based peptides/toxins potentially able to address the forthcoming challenges in this field. Both research and review articles proposing novelties or overviews, respectively, were published in this Special Issue after rigorous evaluation and revision by expert peer reviewers.

disintegrin --- blood vessel formation --- VEGF --- antioxidant enzymes --- oxidative stress biomarkers --- bicarinalin --- antimicrobial peptide --- Helicobacter pylori --- gastric cells --- bacterial adhesion --- SEM --- atopic dermatitis (AD) --- house dust mite extract (DFE) --- 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) --- bee venom phospholipase A2 (bvPLA2) --- skin inflammation --- CD206 --- mannose receptor --- immunotoxin --- Moxetumomab pasudotox --- targeted therapy --- CD22 --- B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma --- acute lymphoblastic leukemia --- mantle cell lymphoma --- ribosome-inactivating protein --- BLF1 --- eIF4A --- MYCN --- cancer --- neuroblastoma --- apoptosis --- antimicrobial peptide (AMP) --- dermaseptin --- anuran skin secretion --- drug design --- antimicrobial activity --- anticancer activity --- antiviral activity --- Bougainvillea --- bouganin --- cancer therapy --- immunotherapy --- immunotoxins --- ribosome-inactivating proteins --- rRNA N-glycosylase activity --- VB6-845 --- orellanine --- clearance --- fungal toxin --- half-life --- toad toxins --- Chansu --- Huachansu --- cane toad --- bufadienolides --- indolealkylamines --- inflammation --- cancer --- obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) --- snake venom --- cancer --- target therapy --- snake venom --- Malaysian cobras --- N. kaouthia --- N. sumatrana --- O. hannah --- anticancer --- Apis mellifera syriaca --- bee venom --- melittin --- LC-ESI-MS --- solid phase extraction --- in vitro effects --- frog --- mass spectrometry --- molecular cloning --- bombesin-related peptide --- smooth muscle --- Bee venom --- complement system --- decay accelerating factor --- atopic dermatitis --- complement dependent cytotoxicity --- membrane attack complex --- n/a

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Coeliac Disease (CD) affects at least 1% of the population. “Classical” CD refers to gastrointestinal presentations with anaemia and gastrointestinal symptoms. CD can, however, present with extraintestinal manifestations, the commonest of which are dermatitis herpetiformis and neurological presentations (e.g., ataxia, neuropathy, encephalopathy). Recognition and research into the pathophysiology of such manifestations is likely to enhance our understanding of this complex autoimmune disorder.

dermatitis herpetiformis --- coeliac disease --- fracture --- bone health --- quality of life --- Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) --- children and adults --- motor and vocal/phonic tics --- obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) --- non-coeliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) --- gluten-free diet --- one-year adherence --- dermatitis herpetiformis --- coeliac disease --- prevalence --- epidermal transglutaminase --- gluten-free diet --- long-term prognosis --- dermatitis herpetiformis --- coeliac disease --- gluten-free diet --- small bowel --- villous atrophy --- prognosis --- gluten neuropathy --- coeliac disease --- gluten free diet --- quality of life --- male --- extra-intestinal --- gastrointestinal --- celiac disease --- celiac disease --- dermatitis herpetiformis --- urticaria --- atopic dermatitis --- psoriasis --- recurrent aphtous ulceration --- rosacea --- alopecia areata --- cutaneous vasculitis --- gluten-free diet --- celiac disease --- glandular autoimmunity --- autoimmune thyroid disease --- type 1 diabetes --- polyglandular autoimmune syndrome --- coeliac disease --- osteoporosis --- fractures --- celiac disease --- non-celiac gluten sensitivity --- psychiatric disorders --- depression --- anxiety disorders --- eating disorders --- ADHD --- autism --- psychosis --- autoimmunity --- celiac hepatitis --- gut–liver axis --- liver immunity --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease --- tolerance --- intestinal barrier --- celiac disease --- extraintestinal --- recognition --- diagnosis --- clinical presentation --- gluten-free diet --- prognosis --- movement disorders --- coeliac disease --- gluten --- gluten free diet --- celiac disease --- gluten --- gliadin --- autoantibody --- B cell --- T cell --- transglutaminase --- synapsin --- ganglioside --- gluten sensitivity --- gastrointestinal symptoms --- molecular mimicry --- intermolecular help --- biomarker --- autoimmune pancreatitis --- coeliac disease --- pancreatic disorders --- screening --- Gluten ataxia --- antigliadin antibodies --- coeliac disease --- MR spectroscopy --- gluten sensitive enteropathy --- antigliadin antibody titre --- gluten sensitivity --- coeliac disease --- gluten free diet --- migraine --- headache --- fatigue --- energy --- celiac disease --- extra-intestinal manifestations --- gluten --- latent celiac disease --- potential celiac disease --- extra-intestinal manifestations --- mild enteropathy --- early developing celiac disease --- genetic gluten intolerance --- natural history --- celiac trait --- celiac disease --- gluten neuropathy --- gluten ataxia --- prevalence --- incidence --- gluten-free diet