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There are many different theories of intelligence. Although these theories differ in their nuances, nearly all agree that there are multiple cognitive abilities and that they differ in the breadth of content they are typically associated with. There is much less agreement about the relative importance of cognitive abilities of differing generality for predicting important real-world outcomes, such as educational achievement, career success, job performance, and health. Some investigators believe that narrower abilities hold little predictive power once general abilities have been accounted for. Other investigators contend that specific abilities are often as—or even more—effective in forecasting many practical variables as general abilities. These disagreements often turn on differences of theory and methodology that are both subtle and complex. The five cutting-edge contributions in this volume, both empirical and theoretical, advance the conversation in this vigorous, and highly important, scientific debate.
general cognitive ability --- specific cognitive abilities --- academic achievement --- job performance --- occupational attainment --- health --- longevity --- situational specificity --- bifactor model --- cognitive abilities --- educational attainment --- general mental ability --- hierarchical factor model --- higher-order factor model --- intelligence --- job performance --- nested-factors model --- relative importance analysis --- specific abilities --- specific ability --- second stratum abilities --- academic performance --- nested-factor models --- relative importance analysis --- predictor-criterion bandwidth alignment --- g-factor --- specific abilities --- scholastic performance --- school grades --- machine learning --- curvilinear relations --- ability differentiation --- bifactor model --- identification --- bifactor(S-1) model --- general factor --- specific factors --- general intelligence (g) --- non-g factors --- specific abilities --- ability tilt --- non-g residuals --- cognitive abilities --- specific abilities --- general abilities --- general mental ability --- relative importance --- narrow abilities --- subscores --- intelligence --- cognitive tests
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Why do we need more questionnaires to measure aspects of spirituality/religiosity when we already have so many well-tried instruments in use? One answer is that research in this field is growing and that new research questions continuously do arise. Several of these new questions cannot be easily answered with the instruments designed for previous questions. The field is expanding and, consequently, the research topics. Meanwhile several multidimensional instruments were developed which cover existential, prosocial, religious and non-religious forms of spirituality, hope, peace and trust—and several more. The ‘disadvantage’ of these instruments is the fact that some are conceptually broad and often rather unspecific, but they might be suited quite well for culturally and spiritually diverse populations when the intention is to compare such diverse groups. This is the reason why more research on new instruments is needed as can be found in this Special Issue, and to stimulate a critical debate about their pros and cons.
religion --- measurement --- psychometric properties --- DUREL --- RCI-10 --- China --- Reliance on God’s help --- religious trust --- faith --- questionnaire --- validation --- chronic illness --- healthy persons --- life satisfaction --- quality of life --- well-being --- Buddhism --- religiosity --- quantitative measure --- affective religiosity --- spiritual well-being --- assess --- SHALOM --- God --- complicated spiritual grief --- spiritual struggle --- spiritual crisis --- bereavement --- complicated grief --- meaning making --- religion --- spirituality --- struggle --- bifactor --- measurement --- latent --- confirmatory factor analysis --- distress --- depression --- anxiety --- cancer --- spiritual care --- needs --- spirituality --- children --- measures --- religion and health --- spirituality --- physician values --- communication --- medical ethics --- psychology --- religion --- Australia --- Judaism --- attitude --- Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Judaism --- n/a
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