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Phenol and chlorophenols are among the most important class of raw materials in chemical industry. These compounds also list among priority pollutants. The main problem in treating phenol or chlorophenol containing wastewater is the toxicity it exerts to the microbial flora in biological treatment plants. This may lead to partial or complete treatment plant failure, when the microbial flora is not adapted to phenol concentrations in the influent. The purpose of this thesis was to adapt the microbial flora of domestic sewage sludge to phenol and 2-chlorophenol at high concentration under continuous feeding conditions for long time periods and to study the response of suspension and fixed biofilm systems to transient loading and operation.

Phenol, 2-chlorophenol, fixed bed, suspension, biodegradation

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Biodegradation mediated by indigenous microbial communities is the ultimate fate of the majority of oil hydrocarbon that enters the marine environment. The aim of this Research Topic is to highlight recent advances in our knowledge of the pathways and controls of microbially-catalyzed hydrocarbon degradation in marine ecosystems, with emphasis on the response of microbial communities to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In this Research Topic, we encouraged original research and reviews on the ecology of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, the rates and mechanisms of biodegradation, and the bioremediation of discharged oil under situ as well as near in situ conditions.

Deepwater Horizon --- Biodegradation --- Gulf of Mexico --- hydrocarbon --- oil spill --- Bacteria --- microbial communities --- bacterioplankton --- Metagenomics --- metatran

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Promising Detoxification Strategies to Mitigate Mycotoxins in Food and Feed that was published in Toxins

deoxynivalenol --- epimer --- polarity --- Tri101 --- molecular --- interactions --- spores of Ganoderma lucidum --- oxidative stress --- aflatoxins --- antioxidant capability --- mycotoxin --- patulin --- biodegradation --- Pichia caribbica --- proteomics --- intracellular and extracellular enzymes --- Bacillus licheniformis CK1 --- zearalenone (ZEA) --- serum hormones --- estrogen receptor (ER) --- post-weaning female piglets --- curcumin --- aflatoxin B1 --- CYP450 --- AFBO–DNA --- chicks --- aflatoxin B1 --- photodegradation product --- TQEF-MS/MS --- cell viability --- furan rings --- mycotoxin --- toxigenic Fusarium --- biological control --- Trichoderma --- modified mycotoxin --- aflatoxin B1 --- aflatoxin biodegradation preparation --- Bacillus subtilis ANSB060 --- ameliorating effects --- growth performance --- antioxidant function --- residue --- aflatoxins --- biotransformation --- enzymatic detoxification --- laccase --- mild technologies --- food safety --- mycotoxins mitigation --- aflatoxin B1 --- aflatoxin-degrading enzyme --- biodegradation --- Bacillus shackletonii --- purification --- Sporobolomyces sp. IAM 13481 --- microbial patulin degradation --- desoxypatulinic acid --- ascladiol --- aflatoxins --- Aspergillus flavus --- Corylus avellana --- fatty acids --- thermal treatment --- Aflatoxin B1 --- Aspergillus flavus --- hyssop --- inhibition --- oxidative stress --- DBD --- atmospheric pressure --- low temperature plasma --- mycotoxins --- degradation --- maize --- aflatoxins --- neutral electrolyzed water --- detoxification --- turkey --- mycotoxins --- biotransformation --- degradation --- enzymes --- application --- mycotoxin --- detoxification --- biodegradation --- biotransformation --- enzyme --- microorganism identification --- mycotoxin --- trichothecene --- deoxynivalenol --- bioprospecting --- detoxification --- Fusarium --- cold atmospheric pressure plasma technology --- mycotoxins --- physical decontamination --- chemical decontamination --- biological decontamination --- patulin --- mycotoxin --- mitigation --- decontamination --- food and beverage --- processing --- n/a

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This book, as a collection of 17 research articles, provides a selection of the most recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of environmentally friendly and biodegradable biopolymer composites and nanocomposites. Recently, the demand has been growing for a clean and pollution-free environment and an evident target regarding the minimization of fossil fuel usage. Therefore, much attention has been focused on research to replace petroleum-based commodity plastics by biodegradable materials arising from biological and renewable resources. Biopolymers—polymers produced from natural sources either chemically from a biological material or biosynthesized by living organisms—are suitable alternatives for addressing these issues due to their outstanding properties, including good barrier performance, biodegradation ability, and low weight. However, they generally possess poor mechanical properties, a short fatigue life, low chemical resistance, poor long-term durability, and limited processing capability. In order to overcome these deficiencies, biopolymers can be reinforced with fillers or nanofillers (with at least one of their dimensions in the nanometer range). Bionanocomposites are advantageous for a wide range of applications, such as in medicine, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, food packaging, agriculture, forestry, electronics, transport, construction, and many more.

nanocellulose --- protease sensor --- human neutrophil elastase --- peptide-cellulose conformation --- aerogel --- glycol chitosan --- ?-tocopherol succinate --- amphiphilic polymer --- micelles --- paclitaxel --- chitosan --- PVA --- nanofibers --- electrospinning --- nanocellulose --- carbon nanotubes --- nanocomposite --- conductivity --- surfactant --- Poly(propylene carbonate) --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- compatibility --- toughness --- biopolyester --- compatibilizer --- cellulose --- elastomer --- toughening --- biodisintegration --- heat deflection temperature --- biopolymers composites --- MgO whiskers --- PLLA --- in vitro degradation --- natural rubber --- plasticized starch --- polyfunctional monomers --- physical and mechanical properties --- cross-link density --- water uptake --- chitosan --- deoxycholic acid --- folic acid --- amphiphilic polymer --- micelles --- paclitaxel --- silk fibroin --- glass transition --- DMA --- FTIR --- stress-strain --- active packaging materials --- alginate films --- antimicrobial agents --- antioxidant activity --- biodegradable films --- essential oils --- polycarbonate --- thermal decomposition kinetics --- TG/FTIR --- Py-GC/MS --- wheat gluten --- potato protein --- chemical pre-treatment --- structural profile --- tensile properties --- biocomposites --- natural fibers --- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate) --- biodegradation --- impact properties --- chitin nanofibrils --- poly(lactic acid) --- nanocomposites --- bio-based polymers --- natural fibers --- biomass --- biocomposites --- fiber/matrix adhesion --- bio-composites --- mechanical properties --- poly(lactic acid) --- cellulose fibers --- n/a

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Contamination of foods and agricultural commodities by various types of toxigenic fungi is a concerning issue for human and animal health. Moulds naturally present in foods can produce mycotoxins and contaminate foodstuffs under favourable conditions of temperature, relative humidity, pH, and nutrient availability. Mycotoxins are, in general, stable molecules that are difficult to remove from foods once they have been produced. Therefore, the prevention of mycotoxin contamination is one of the main goals of the agriculture and food industries. Chemical control or decontamination techniques may be quite efficient; however, the more sustainable and restricted use of fungicides, the lack of efficiency in some foods, and the consumer demand for chemical-residue-free foods require new approaches to control this hazard. Therefore, food safety demands continued research efforts for exploring new strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination. This Special Issue contains original contributions and reviews that advance the knowledge about the most current promising approaches to minimize mycotoxin contamination, including biological control agents, phytochemical antifungal compounds, enzyme detoxification, and the use of novel technologies.

deoxynivalenol --- degradation --- photocatalysis --- ?-Fe2O3 --- degradation products --- Aspergillus flavus --- Penicillium verrucosum --- AITC --- fungal growth reduction --- mycotoxin reduction --- decontamination --- mycotoxins --- Aflatoxin M1 --- milk --- binding --- stability --- zearalenone --- biological detoxification --- Bacillus --- fermentation --- roasted coffee --- mycotoxigenic fungi --- ochratoxin A --- cold plasma --- detoxification --- brine shrimp bioassay --- mycotoxins --- Fusarium sp., Botrytis sp., apple pomace --- phloridzin --- quercetin glycosides --- pinnatifidanoside D --- deoxynivalenol --- wheat --- superheated steam --- wheat quality --- crisp biscuit --- biological control --- post-harvest phytopathogen --- Penicillium digitatum --- Penicillium italicum --- Geothrichum citri-aurantii --- zearalenone --- estrogen response element --- gene expression --- cell proliferation --- estrogen receptor --- biotransformation --- Fusarium --- mycotoxins --- garlic-derived extracts --- green chemistry --- fungi --- EU limits --- abiotic factors --- storage --- wheat --- maize --- oats --- fumonisin --- enzymatic detoxification --- fumonisin esterase FumD --- enzyme kinetics --- maize --- Zearalenone --- biodegradation --- probiotics --- cell-free extracts of Aspergillus oryzae --- pig production performance --- Bacillus --- Fusarium graminearum --- antagonism --- mode of action --- essential oils --- Satureja montana --- Origanum virens --- Aspergillus flavus --- aflatoxin --- corn --- nanoparticles --- Penicillium nordicum --- biocontrol agents --- dry-cured ham --- ochratoxin A (OTA) --- n/a