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This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled "DHA for Optimal Health", consists of evidence-based original research or reviews of the scientific literature. Manuscripts focus on the evidence that underpins dietary requirements throughout the lifespan (from in-utero to the elderly) for optimal brain function and/or prevention (or treatment) of disease.
DHA --- cognition --- neurodevelopment --- omega-3 metabolism --- genetics and omega-3 status --- blood pressure --- breastmilk --- recommended intakes
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In the ancient past, cocoa has been appreciated as a high-calorie food to boost energy in soldiers and for its undefined medicinal and mystical properties. During other times, chocolate has been considered as the forbidden “food of God”: a treasure of pleasure for the mind and the soul. The overall perception of the consumer for chocolate was of a “charming” and appealing food with lots of negative aspects related to high sugar content leading to consider chocolate as “junk food” for its “obesigen” calories. Recently, in association with the renewed interest of nutrition science in alternative source of health-promoting foods and ingredients, a large body of research has been conducted to unravel the pro and cons of cocoa in relation to human health. Epidemiological evidences indicate that cocoa consumption helps preventing cardiovascular disease for its high content in bioactive flavonoids. Clinical trials show that chocolate consumption might improve vascular function, decreasing platelet aggregation and display an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The putative protective action of cocoa seems to be multi-factorial and involving different aspects of vascular, antioxidant and endothelial function. However, the mechanism(s) that account for the benefits of cocoa it is still unclear.The aim of this Research Topic is therefore to provide the reader with an objective picture of the state of art on the association between cocoa and health, mainly through the evidences of human trials; overwhelmingly considered the golden standard for nutritional science. The Research Topic will cover the analysis of the manufacturing processes of the chocolate and the antioxidant effects in humans as well as the majority of the putative health effects of chocolate and cocoa, such as anti-inflammatory properties, effect on immunity, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive behavior. Unraveling the functional properties of cocoa will help to understand if the 'food of God' is a primordial gift for the health of mankind.
Cocoa --- Antioxidants --- Cognitive function --- Immunity --- Blood pressure --- Inflammation --- Flavonoids --- Humans --- Chocolate --- Obesity
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In the perioperative setting and in intensive care medicine, early and effective hemodynamic management including fluid therapy and administration of vasoactive drugs to maintain vital organ perfusion and oxygen delivery is mandatory. Understanding the different approaches in the management of critically ill patients during the resuscitation and further management is essential to initiate adequate context- and time-specific interventions. Optimization of hemodynamic variables to achieve a balance between organ oxygen delivery and consumption is a cornerstone. In general, cardiac output (i.e., the blood flow) is considered a major determinant of oxygen supply and thus its monitoring is regarded helpful. However, indicators of oxygen requirements are equally necessary to assess adequacy of oxygen supply. Currently, more and more less or even totally non-invasive monitoring systems have been developed and clinically introduced, but they require validation in particular clinical settings. Cardiac output monitors and surrogates of organ oxygenation only enable to adequately guide management, as patient’s outcome is determined by acquisition and interpretation of accurate measurements, and finally, suitable management decisions.This Research Topic focuses on the currently available techniques, especially the less and non-invasive ones, in the field of hemodynamic monitoring in the perioperative setting and in critically ill patients while summarizing their advantages and limitations.
Cardiovascular dynamics --- Cardiac Output --- Blood Pressure --- intensive care medicine --- Anesthesiology --- goal-directed therapy
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In cardiovascular diagnostics, blood pressure computation from flow data acquired by magnetic resonance imaging is considered promising. Accordingly, this work describes a method for the computation of complete spatiotemporal blood pressure fields in the human aorta. Key issues are the robust pressure computation from noisy input data, the application of regularized blood flow models, the combination of spatial and temporal blood pressure information, and the experimental evaluation.
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The impact of fat intake on hypercholesterolemia and related atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases has been studied for decades. However, the current evidence base suggests that fatty acids also influences cardiometabolic diseases through other mechanisms including effects on glucose metabolism, body fat distribution, blood pressure, inflammation, and heart rate. Furthermore, studies evaluating single fatty acids have challenged the simplistic view of shared health effects within fatty acid groups categorized by degree of saturation. In addition, investigations of endogenous fatty acid metabolism, including genetic studies of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, and the identification of novel metabolically derived fatty acids have further increased the complexity of fatty acids’ health impacts. This Special Issue aims to include original research and up-to-date reviews on genetic and dietary modulation of fatty acids, and the role and function of dietary and metabolically derived fatty acids in cardiometabolic health.
omega-3 --- cardiovascular disease --- statins --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- medium-chain triglyceride --- long-chain triglyceride --- lipid metabolism --- klotho --- CKD --- fish oil --- fibrosis --- inflammation --- cardiometabolic disease --- unsaturated fat --- Mediterranean diet --- low-fat diet --- alternatively activated macrophages --- perivascular adipose tissue --- type 2 cytokines --- erucic acid --- fish --- seafood --- furan fatty acids --- docosapentaenoic acid --- conjugated fatty acids --- cardiovascular disease --- metabolic disease --- blood lipids --- inflammation --- antioxidant --- CYP450 eicosanoids --- omega-3 PUFA --- omega-6 PUFA --- blood pressure --- hemodynamics --- children --- EETs --- EEQs --- fatty acid --- diet --- genotype --- human --- FADS --- fatty acid --- desaturase --- Genome-wide association study (GWAS) --- Insulin sensitivity --- adipose tissue --- cholesterol ester --- omega 3 --- PUFA --- n-3 PUFA --- COPD --- inflammation --- coronary artery disease --- ischemic heart disease --- CAD --- CHD --- fat --- obesity --- body weight --- cohort study --- substitution models --- epidemiology --- prospective cohort study --- n-6 fatty acids --- n-3 fatty acids --- linoleic acid --- arachidonic acid
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