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This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled "DHA for Optimal Health", consists of evidence-based original research or reviews of the scientific literature. Manuscripts focus on the evidence that underpins dietary requirements throughout the lifespan (from in-utero to the elderly) for optimal brain function and/or prevention (or treatment) of disease.

DHA --- cognition --- neurodevelopment --- omega-3 metabolism --- genetics and omega-3 status --- blood pressure --- breastmilk --- recommended intakes

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In the perioperative setting and in intensive care medicine, early and effective hemodynamic management including fluid therapy and administration of vasoactive drugs to maintain vital organ perfusion and oxygen delivery is mandatory. Understanding the different approaches in the management of critically ill patients during the resuscitation and further management is essential to initiate adequate context- and time-specific interventions. Optimization of hemodynamic variables to achieve a balance between organ oxygen delivery and consumption is a cornerstone. In general, cardiac output (i.e., the blood flow) is considered a major determinant of oxygen supply and thus its monitoring is regarded helpful. However, indicators of oxygen requirements are equally necessary to assess adequacy of oxygen supply. Currently, more and more less or even totally non-invasive monitoring systems have been developed and clinically introduced, but they require validation in particular clinical settings. Cardiac output monitors and surrogates of organ oxygenation only enable to adequately guide management, as patient’s outcome is determined by acquisition and interpretation of accurate measurements, and finally, suitable management decisions.This Research Topic focuses on the currently available techniques, especially the less and non-invasive ones, in the field of hemodynamic monitoring in the perioperative setting and in critically ill patients while summarizing their advantages and limitations.

Cardiovascular dynamics --- Cardiac Output --- Blood Pressure --- intensive care medicine --- Anesthesiology --- goal-directed therapy

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Hypertension is a major health problem worldwide, increasing cardiovascular (CV) risk and mortality. Together with pharmacological treatments, non-pharmacological approaches, such as nutrient intake modifications, play an important role in optimizing treatment. A link has been demonstrated between hypertension and body weight as well as dietary habits. The aim of this Special Issue is to improve the understanding of the relationships between some nutrients and hypertension, and of the effects of different dietary approaches on hypertension regulation from different points of view.

Ojeoksan --- atherosclerosis --- vascular inflammation --- vasodilation --- hypertension --- adhesion molecule --- hesperidin --- l-NAME --- cardiovascular remodeling --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- Mediterranean Diet --- blood pressure --- fish protein --- fish meal --- cod --- rest raw material --- hypertension --- developmental programming --- fat --- fructose --- hypertension --- nutrition --- pregnancy --- reprogramming --- fructose --- hypertension --- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system --- renal transporters --- sodium --- renal sympathetic nerve activity --- polyphenol --- high blood pressure --- elderly --- endothelium --- nitric oxide --- children --- diet --- physical activity --- cardiovascular risk factors --- obesity --- hypertension --- blood pressure --- pulse wave velocity --- calcium intake --- blood pressure --- parathyroid function --- vitamin D --- renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system --- tea secondary metabolites --- hypertension --- endothelial function --- inflammation --- nitrite --- nitric oxide --- hypertension --- menopause --- Post Exercise Hypotension --- sodium --- potassium --- calcium --- magnesium --- electrolytes --- blood pressure --- hypertension --- meta-analysis --- amino acids --- blood pressure --- humans --- hypertension --- weight loss --- obesity --- arterial stiffness --- endothelial function --- hypertension --- salt-sensitivity --- salt intake --- sodium intake --- sympathetic activity --- n/a

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This book entitled “Cocoa, Chocolate, and Human Health” presents the most recent findings about cocoa and health in 14 peer-reviewed chapters including nine original contributions and five reviews from cocoa experts around the world. Bioavailability and metabolism of the main cocoa polyphenols, i.e., the flavanols like epicatechin, are presented including metabolites like valerolactones that are formed by the gut microbiome. Many studies, including intervention studies or epidemiological observations, do not focus on single compounds, but on cocoa as a whole. This proves the effectiveness of cocoa as a functional food. A positive influence of cocoa on hearing problems, exercise performance, and metabolic syndrome is discussed with mixed results; the results about exercise performance are contradictive. Evidence shows that cocoa flavanols may modulate some risk factors related to metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, several cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics were not affected by a flavanol-rich cocoa powder as simultaneous treatment with pharmaceuticals might have negated the effect of cocoa. The putative health-promoting components of cocoa are altered during processing like fermentation, drying, and roasting of cocoa beans. Chocolate, the most popular cocoa product, shows remarkable losses in polyphenols and vitamin E during 18 months of storage.

type 2 diabetes --- flavanol-rich cocoa --- blood pressure --- glucose metabolism --- lipid status --- type 2 diabetes --- flavanol-rich cocoa --- postprandial --- meal --- glucose metabolism --- lipids --- blood pressure --- cocoa processing --- cocoa proteins --- classification --- extraction and characterization methods --- fermentation-related enzymes --- bioactive peptides --- heath potentials --- protein–phenol interactions --- chocolate --- hearing loss --- tinnitus --- cohort study --- cocoa --- bioactive compounds --- flavanols bioavailability --- anti-inflammatory properties --- metabolic syndrome --- oxidative stress --- cocoa by-product --- functional food --- polyphenols --- ?-glucosidase inhibition --- antidiabetic capacity --- antioxidant capacity --- methylxanthines --- fermentation --- functional volatile compounds --- starter culture --- yeast --- roasting --- chocolate --- cocoa beans --- theobromine --- cacao --- working memory --- behavior --- CaMKII --- CREB --- BDNF --- cocoa --- oligopeptides --- simulated gastrointestinal digestion --- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity --- cocoa --- chocolate --- metabolites --- biomarkers --- metabolomics --- urine --- plasma --- procyanidins --- methylxanthines --- polyphenols --- flavanols --- soluble cocoa products --- bioavailability --- human --- plasma nutrikinetics --- liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS) --- colonic bacteria --- athlete --- cocoa --- chocolate --- exercise performance --- oxidative stress --- performance --- physical exercise --- polyphenol --- skeletal muscle --- inflammation --- Italian chocolate --- quality --- cocoa-based ingredients --- monitoring --- nutrition --- cocoa --- flavan-3-ol stereoisomers --- (?)-epicatechin --- (+)-catechin --- (?)-catechin --- plasma appearance --- chiral separation --- pharmacokinetics --- one-compartment model --- n/a

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This book outlines some new advances in genetics, clinical evaluation, localization, therapy (newly including immunotherapy) of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma including their metastatic counterparts. Well-known and experienced clinicians and scientists contributed to this book to include some novel approaches to these tumors. This book will serve to various health care professionals from different subspecialties, but mainly oncologists, endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, pediatricians, and radiologists. This book shows that the field of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma is evolving and a significant progress has been made in last 5 years requiring that health care professionals and scientists will learns new information and implement it in their clinical practice or scientific work, respectively. This book should not be missed by anybody who is focusing on neuroendocrine tumors, their newest evaluation and treatment.

pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- adrenocortical carcinoma --- adrenal tumor --- pan-cancer analysis --- neural crest --- neuroendocrine --- paraganglioma --- head and neck --- radiotherapy --- 18F-FDOPA --- PET --- GTV --- SDHB --- SDHD --- mortality --- paraganglioma --- pheochromocytoma --- radiofrequency ablation --- cryoablation --- percutaneous ethanol injection --- neuroendocrine tumor --- minimally invasive procedure --- percutaneous ablation --- PASS --- GAPP --- histology --- meta-analysis --- paraganglioma --- pheochromocytoma --- carotid body --- angiogenesis --- mitochondria --- neural crest --- neurogenesis --- paraganglioma --- stem-like tumor cells --- vasculogenesis --- xenograft --- pheochromocytoma --- catecholamine --- global longitudinal strain --- speckle-tracking echocardiography --- subclinical systolic dysfunction --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- neuroendocrine tumor --- targeted therapy --- therapy resistance --- FGF21 --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- diabetes mellitus --- obesity --- energy metabolism --- calorimetry --- chromogranin A --- metanephrines --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- hypoxia --- pseudohypoxia --- spheroids --- HIF --- EPAS1 --- catecholamine --- pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma --- phosphorylation tyrosine hydroxylase --- dog --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- SDHB --- SDHD --- mutation --- chromosomal alteration --- comparative genomics --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- metastatic --- immunotherapy --- innate immunity --- adaptive immunity --- toll-like receptor --- pathogen-associated molecular patterns --- neutrophil --- T cell --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- hypertension --- blood pressure variability --- average real variability --- weighted standard deviation --- paraganglioma --- somatostatinoma --- polycythemia --- EPAS1 --- transgenic mice --- erythropoietin --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- TCA cycle --- germline mutation --- metastatic OR malignant pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- ectopic secretion --- lL-6 --- normetanephrines --- VHL --- NF1 --- EPAS1 --- hypoxia-inducible factor --- inflammation --- radiosensitization --- succinate dehydrogenase --- mouse pheochromocytoma cells --- immunohistochemistry --- fluorescence imaging --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- next-generation sequencing --- sporadic --- hereditary --- CNV detection --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- PET-CT --- 11C-hydroxy-ephedrine --- adrenal incidentaloma --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- 177Lu-DOTATATE --- peptide receptor radiotherapy --- PRRT --- neuroendocrine tumor --- NET --- PCC --- PGL --- postoperative --- pheochromocytoma --- hypertension --- hypotension --- arrhythmia --- PPGL --- catecholamines --- adrenomedullary function --- n/a