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En 1989, Roger Goetze a accordé quatorze entretiens biographiques au Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France. Il a accepté la proposition de celui-ci de publier sous la forme d'une édition critique les chapitres portant sur sa carrière administrative, réservant pour un deuxième volume sa carrière de banquier public. On découvre ainsi un grand fonctionnaire réformateur, à la carrière exceptionnelle : inspecteur des Finances (1937), directeur des Finances de l'Algérie (194...

Algérie, direction du Budget, entretiens, hauts-fonctionnaires, pétrole

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Zunehmende Budgetprobleme bedrohen die Handlungsfähigkeit öffentlicher Gebietskörperschaften. Bisherige Arbeiten zur Haushaltskonsolidierung beschränken sich auf deskriptive Argumente. Mit positiver Theorie und im Rahmen der Neuen Politischen Ökonomie analysiert diese Arbeit strukturelle Grundlagen für den permanenten Ausgabedruck und prozessuale Ansätze zur Krisenbewältigung. Erfolgsbedingungen für Ausgabekürzungen können abgeleitet und empirische Fallbeispiele aufgearbeitet werden.

Ausgabekürzungen --- Budget --- durch --- Haushalt --- Haushaltskonsolidierung --- Rechnungshof --- Restriktionen --- Strategien

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Japan's savings are among the highest in the world, and these high rates have played a valuable role throughout the post-war period. However, over the next several decades, Japan's population will be ageing rapidly. Will this lower Japanese savings rates? Using up-to-date financial and demographical data, author Robert Dekle finds that the answer to this question is an emphatic 'yes'. Understanding Japanese Saving holds key lessons for Western nations undergoing similar demographic transformations as well as developing countries looking to establish public savings institutions.

support,ratio,investment,rates,governments,intertemporal,budget,constraint,real,interest

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Paysages et paysans merina sont au cœur d'une géographie intimiste des campagnes malgaches. Le paysage de ces hautes terres tropicales s'articule sur deux unités : la colline à fine pellicule de sols (la « chair de la terre ») et le bas-fond organisé autour de l'eau (« l'œil de l'eau »). Collines et bas-fonds sont perçus et interprétés par les paysans qui les valorisent et n'hésitent pas à les remodeler. La mosaïque rurale de l'Imerina est illustrée par les exemples de trois petits pays situés à faible distance de la capitale Tananarive. Leur personnalité résulte de combinaisons entre héritages historiques et permanences écologiques. Leur ruralité s'enrichit également de liaisons avec la grande ville qui suscitent de nouvelles activités. Chaque petit pays s'inscrit dans une dynamique sociale qui s'enracine dans le passé. À partir de ces histoires particulières, la crise des années quatre-vingt a joué un rôle d'accélérateur pour l'invention de solutions locales (eucalyptus, ananas, élevage laitier). La quête quotidienne de numéraire entame la production rizicole, fondement de l'alimentation. Contexte naturel, histoire des lieux et ruralité des sociétés construisent une identité merina que des initiatives paysannes ne cessent de recomposer. Le développement rural ne réussira pas en dehors de ces dynamiques locales, atout et gage d'espoir.

innovation --- changement social --- région --- Madagascar --- développement rural --- système agraire --- foncier rural --- pratique culturale --- riziculture --- paysannerie --- reforestation --- économie rurale --- crise économique --- stratégie paysanne --- agriculture traditionnelle --- unité de paysage --- colline --- perception de l'espace --- budget familial --- risque agricole

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The continuous miniaturization of products and the growing complexity of their embedded multifunctionalities necessitates continuous research and development efforts regarding micro components and related micro manufacturing technologies. Highly miniaturized systems, manufactured using a wide variety of materials, have found application in key technological fields, such as healthcare devices, micro implants, mobility, communications, optics, and micro electromechanical systems. Innovations required for the high-precision manufacturing of micro components can specifically be achieved through optimizations using post-process (i.e., offline) and in-process (i.e., online) metrology of both process input and output parameters, as well as geometrical features of the produced micro parts. However, it is of critical importance to reduce the metrology and optimization efforts, since process and product quality control can represent a significant portion of the total production time in micro manufacturing. To solve this fundamental challenge, research efforts have been undertaken in order to define, investigate, implement, and validate the so-called “product/process manufacturing fingerprint” concept. The “product manufacturing fingerprint” concept refers to those unique dimensional outcomes (e.g., surface topography, form error, critical dimensions, etc.) on the produced component that, if kept under control and within specifications, ensure that the entire micro component complies to its specifications. The “process manufacturing fingerprint” is a specific process parameter or feature to be monitored and controlled, in order to maintain the manufacture of products within the specified tolerances. By integrating both product and process manufacturing fingerprint concepts, the metrology and optimization efforts are highly reduced. Therefore, the quality of the micro products increases, with an obvious improvement in production yield. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on novel methodological developments and applications in micro- and sub-micro-scale manufacturing, process monitoring and control, as well as micro and sub-micro product quality assurance. Focus will be on micro manufacturing process chains and their micro product/process fingerprint, towards full process optimization and zero-defect micro manufacturing.

micro-injection moulding --- quality assurance --- process monitoring --- micro metrology --- positioning platform --- Halbach linear motor --- commercial control hardware --- diffractive optics --- gratings --- microfabrication --- computer holography --- manufacturing signature --- process fingerprint --- Fresnel lenses --- injection compression molding --- injection molding --- micro structures replication --- confocal microscopy --- optical quality control --- uncertainty budget --- optimization --- precision injection molding --- quality control --- process monitoring --- product fingerprint --- process fingerprint --- electrical discharge machining --- electrical discharge machining (EDM) --- surface roughness --- surface integrity --- optimization --- desirability function --- satellite drop --- electrohydrodynamic jet printing --- charge relaxation time --- laser ablation --- superhydrophobic surface --- process fingerprint --- product fingerprint --- surface morphology --- artificial compound eye --- multi-spectral imaging --- lithography --- spectral splitting --- plasma-electrolytic polishing --- PeP --- surface modification --- finishing --- electro chemical machining --- ECM --- Electro sinter forging --- resistance sintering --- electrical current --- fingerprints --- electrical discharge machining --- micro drilling --- process monitoring --- quality control --- electrochemical machining (ECM) --- process control --- current monitoring --- current density --- surface roughness --- inline metrology --- haptic actuator --- impact analysis --- high strain rate effect --- damping --- 2-step analysis --- micro-grinding --- bioceramics --- materials characterisation --- dental implant --- microinjection moulding --- process fingerprints --- flow length --- quality assurance --- n/a