Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinases (CaMKs) are a broadly expressed family of calcium-sensitive intracellular kinases, which are responsible for transducing cytosolic calcium signals into phosphorylation-based regulation of proteins and physiological functions. As the multifunctional member of the family, CaMKII has become the most prominent for its roles in the central nervous system and heart, where it controls a diverse range of calcium-dependent processes; from learning and memory at the neuronal synapse, to cellular growth and death in the myocardium. In the heart, CaMKII directly regulates many of the most important ion channels and calcium handling proteins, and controls the expression of an ever-increasing number of transcripts and their downstream products. Functionally, these actions are thought to orchestrate many of the electrophysiologic and contractile adaptations to common cardiac stressors, such as rapid pacing, chronic adrenergic stimulation, and oxidative challenge. In the context of disease, CaMKII has been shown to contribute to a remarkably wide variety of cardiac pathologies, of which heart failure (HF) is the most conspicuous. Hyperactivity of CaMKII is an established contributor to pathological cardiac remodeling, and is widely thought to directly promote arrhythmia and contractile dysfunction during HF. Moreover, several non-failing arrhythmia-susceptible phenotypes, which result from specific genetic channelopathies, functionally mimic constitutive channel phosphorylation by CaMKII. Because CaMKII contributes to both the acute and chronic manifestations of major cardiac diseases, but may be only minimally required for homeostasis in the absence of chronic stress, it has come to be one of the most promising therapeutic drug targets in cardiac biology. Thus, development of more specific and deliverable small molecule antagonists remains a key priority for the field. Here we provide a selection of articles to summarize the state of our knowledge regarding CaMKII in cardiac health and disease, with a particular view to highlighting recent developments in CaMKII activation, and new targets in CaMKII-mediated control of myocyte physiology.

Heart Failure --- Hypertrophy --- arrhythmia --- Ion Channels --- Phosphorylation --- Calcium

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

It is in general well appreciated that the cortical interneurons play various important roles in cortical neuronal networks both in normal and pathological states. Based on connectivity pattern, developmental, morphological and electrophysiological properties, distinct subgroups of GABAergic interneurons can be differentiated in the neocortex as well as in the hippocampal formation. In this E-Book, we are focusing our attention on inhibitory interneurons expressing calcium-binding protein calretinin (CR). The aim of the E-Book is to consolidate the knowledge about this interneuronal population and to inspire further research on the function and malfunction of these neurons, which – functionally – seem to stand "at the top of the pyramid" of cortical interneuronal types.

calretinin --- Interneurons --- Cortical Circuits --- Cortical development --- GABA --- Calcium-Binding Proteins --- Epilepsy --- claustrum --- Hippocampus --- Neocortex

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Plants use the Sun's energy to synthesize the basic biomolecules that make up all the organic matter of all organisms of terrestrial ecosystems, including ourselves. Therefore, understanding their adaptive mechanisms to variations of environmental factors, both biotic and abiotic, is fundamental, and particularly relevant in the current context of rapid climate change. Some of the most important adaptive mechanisms of plants are the electrical and chemical signaling systems for the exchange of information between proximally and distally located cells. These signalling systems allow plants to dynamically coordinate the activities of all cells under a diversity of situations. In this Research Topic, we present eight articles that bring up new hypothesis and data to understand the mechanisms of systemic electrical signaling and the central role that it plays in adapting the whole plant to different stresses, as well as new findings on intracellular calcium and nitric oxide-based signaling pathways under stress, which could be extrapolated to non-plant research.

plant electrophysiology --- ion channels --- intracellular calcium --- nitric oxide --- circumnutation --- phloem --- photosynthesis --- environmental stress --- action potential --- Arabidopsis

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The tale of cyclic GMP has been astonishing. Having overcome an initial disbelief, cyclic GMP has risen to its present eminence as a premium cellular signal transduction messenger of not only hormonal extracellular but also of the intracellular signals. This research topic focuses on the pathways and functions of membrane guanylate cyclases in different tissues of the body and their interplay with intracellular sensory signals where in many cases, cyclic GMP along with Ca2+ have taken on roles as synarchic co-messengers.

membrane guanylate cyclase --- Cyclic GMP --- Calcium --- ANF-RGC --- ROS-GC --- synaptic plasticity --- Gene Therapy --- Visceral Pain --- trafficking --- Glaucoma

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This Special Issue is aimed at presenting the state of the art of the multidisciplinary science concerning all aspects of volcanic plumes, of relevance to the volcanology, climatology, atmospheric science, and remote sensing communities.

calcium carbonate --- crystallization --- hydrogels --- alginate --- xanthan --- SEM --- X-ray diffraction --- carbonation --- micromechanics --- CaCO3 --- cement --- ammonia bicarbonate --- carbon dioxide --- mass-transfer coefficient --- capture --- bubble-column scrubber --- calcium carbonate --- alginate --- Lessonia nigrescens --- electrocrystallization --- multi-wall carbon nanotubes --- potentiometric titration --- calcium carbonate --- phosphorylated chitin --- electrocrystallization --- potentiometric titration --- gas diffusion method --- sedimentary model --- Callovian-Oxfordian --- Amu Darya Basin --- reservoir --- main controlling factors --- MICP --- Sporosarcina pasteurii --- Bacillus subtilis --- bacterial extracellular secretion --- urease --- calcite --- contact angle --- surface energy --- biomineralization --- calcite --- aragonite --- sericin --- nacre --- CO2 --- composite --- hierarchic structure