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"At the beginning of the 1960s, Swedish researchers started a sociological study of all children born in Stockholm in 1953, Project Metropolitan. This book describes the project’s at times dramatic history, where issues of personal integrity and the role of social sciences were heavily debated. These discussions were fueled by the rapid and far-reaching digitalization in society at large and also within social sciences. As such, Project Metropolitan came to symbolize the benefits and potential risks related to an expanding body of research based on large groups of individuals and multiple register data sources. At the outset, the project’s founders sought to answer the following question: “Why do some get on better in life than others?” One of the main aims of the project was to study the long-term impact of conditions in childhood. The book therefore also includes an updated presentation of the main findings, as they have been conveyed in over 160 publications to date. These publications cover a wide array of topics and phenomena such as social mobility and education, substance abuse and crime, health and ill-health, peer influences and family relations, and adult lives of adopted children. Today Project Metropolitan is known as the “Stockholm Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study (SBC Multigen)” and is still in full vigor. From its original group of 15,000 children, the study has become multi-generational by adding data about their parents, siblings, children, nieces and nephews. As they approach their late 60s, it will also be possible to follow these “children” into retirement and old-age. In the concluding chapter the author discusses some of the challenges contemporary social research is facing. What are the current threats to academic freedom and what opportunities do the unique data registers in countries like Sweden provide?"

Sociology --- Cohort study --- Longitudinal --- Sweden --- Post-war --- Welfare

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The impact of fat intake on hypercholesterolemia and related atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases has been studied for decades. However, the current evidence base suggests that fatty acids also influences cardiometabolic diseases through other mechanisms including effects on glucose metabolism, body fat distribution, blood pressure, inflammation, and heart rate. Furthermore, studies evaluating single fatty acids have challenged the simplistic view of shared health effects within fatty acid groups categorized by degree of saturation. In addition, investigations of endogenous fatty acid metabolism, including genetic studies of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes, and the identification of novel metabolically derived fatty acids have further increased the complexity of fatty acids’ health impacts. This Special Issue aims to include original research and up-to-date reviews on genetic and dietary modulation of fatty acids, and the role and function of dietary and metabolically derived fatty acids in cardiometabolic health.

omega-3 --- cardiovascular disease --- statins --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- medium-chain triglyceride --- long-chain triglyceride --- lipid metabolism --- klotho --- CKD --- fish oil --- fibrosis --- inflammation --- cardiometabolic disease --- unsaturated fat --- Mediterranean diet --- low-fat diet --- alternatively activated macrophages --- perivascular adipose tissue --- type 2 cytokines --- erucic acid --- fish --- seafood --- furan fatty acids --- docosapentaenoic acid --- conjugated fatty acids --- cardiovascular disease --- metabolic disease --- blood lipids --- inflammation --- antioxidant --- CYP450 eicosanoids --- omega-3 PUFA --- omega-6 PUFA --- blood pressure --- hemodynamics --- children --- EETs --- EEQs --- fatty acid --- diet --- genotype --- human --- FADS --- fatty acid --- desaturase --- Genome-wide association study (GWAS) --- Insulin sensitivity --- adipose tissue --- cholesterol ester --- omega 3 --- PUFA --- n-3 PUFA --- COPD --- inflammation --- coronary artery disease --- ischemic heart disease --- CAD --- CHD --- fat --- obesity --- body weight --- cohort study --- substitution models --- epidemiology --- prospective cohort study --- n-6 fatty acids --- n-3 fatty acids --- linoleic acid --- arachidonic acid

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Tea, made from the leaves of the Camellia senenisis plant, is the second most consumed beverage worldwide after water. Accumulating evidence from cellular, animal, epidemiological and clinical studies have linked tea consumption to various health benefits, such as chemoprevention of cancers, chronic inflammation, heart and liver diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. Although such health benefits have not been consistently observed in some intervention trials, positive results from clinical trials have provided direct evidence supporting the cancer-protective effect of green tea. In addition, numerous mechanisms of action have been suggested to contribute to tea’s disease-preventive effects. Furthermore, effects of the processing and storage of tea, as well as additives on tea’s properties have been investigated.

Camellia sinensis --- epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) --- theanine --- caffeine --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease --- EGCG --- 6-OH-11-O-hydroxyphenanthrene --- neuroblastoma --- BE(2)-C --- N-MYC --- neuro-sphere --- polyphenol --- Liubao tea --- hepatic damage --- mRNA expression --- protein expression --- adrenal hypertrophy --- anxiety --- caffeine --- catechin --- green tea --- matcha --- salivary ?-amylase activity --- stress-reduction --- theanine --- tea consumption --- fracture --- cohort study --- ERCC1/XPF --- cisplatin --- DNA repair --- chemoresistance --- green tea polyphenols --- kudingcha --- yerba mate --- yaupon holly --- guayusa --- caffeine --- polyphenols --- tea --- polyphenols --- bioaccessibility --- nutraceutical --- microbiota --- Rosmarinic acid --- suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) --- histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) --- p53 --- cell cycle arrest and apoptosis --- green tea catechins --- epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) --- 67LR --- cancer apoptosis --- cell death --- chemoprevention --- gene expression --- cancer --- EGCG --- diseases --- green tea --- tea polyphenols --- anti-oxidant --- anti-photoaging --- heme oxygenase-1 --- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) --- matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) --- green tea --- oxalate --- renal stone --- calcium oxalate monohydrate --- hypercalciuria --- n/a

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This book entitled “Cocoa, Chocolate, and Human Health” presents the most recent findings about cocoa and health in 14 peer-reviewed chapters including nine original contributions and five reviews from cocoa experts around the world. Bioavailability and metabolism of the main cocoa polyphenols, i.e., the flavanols like epicatechin, are presented including metabolites like valerolactones that are formed by the gut microbiome. Many studies, including intervention studies or epidemiological observations, do not focus on single compounds, but on cocoa as a whole. This proves the effectiveness of cocoa as a functional food. A positive influence of cocoa on hearing problems, exercise performance, and metabolic syndrome is discussed with mixed results; the results about exercise performance are contradictive. Evidence shows that cocoa flavanols may modulate some risk factors related to metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, several cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics were not affected by a flavanol-rich cocoa powder as simultaneous treatment with pharmaceuticals might have negated the effect of cocoa. The putative health-promoting components of cocoa are altered during processing like fermentation, drying, and roasting of cocoa beans. Chocolate, the most popular cocoa product, shows remarkable losses in polyphenols and vitamin E during 18 months of storage.

type 2 diabetes --- flavanol-rich cocoa --- blood pressure --- glucose metabolism --- lipid status --- type 2 diabetes --- flavanol-rich cocoa --- postprandial --- meal --- glucose metabolism --- lipids --- blood pressure --- cocoa processing --- cocoa proteins --- classification --- extraction and characterization methods --- fermentation-related enzymes --- bioactive peptides --- heath potentials --- protein–phenol interactions --- chocolate --- hearing loss --- tinnitus --- cohort study --- cocoa --- bioactive compounds --- flavanols bioavailability --- anti-inflammatory properties --- metabolic syndrome --- oxidative stress --- cocoa by-product --- functional food --- polyphenols --- ?-glucosidase inhibition --- antidiabetic capacity --- antioxidant capacity --- methylxanthines --- fermentation --- functional volatile compounds --- starter culture --- yeast --- roasting --- chocolate --- cocoa beans --- theobromine --- cacao --- working memory --- behavior --- CaMKII --- CREB --- BDNF --- cocoa --- oligopeptides --- simulated gastrointestinal digestion --- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity --- cocoa --- chocolate --- metabolites --- biomarkers --- metabolomics --- urine --- plasma --- procyanidins --- methylxanthines --- polyphenols --- flavanols --- soluble cocoa products --- bioavailability --- human --- plasma nutrikinetics --- liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS) --- colonic bacteria --- athlete --- cocoa --- chocolate --- exercise performance --- oxidative stress --- performance --- physical exercise --- polyphenol --- skeletal muscle --- inflammation --- Italian chocolate --- quality --- cocoa-based ingredients --- monitoring --- nutrition --- cocoa --- flavan-3-ol stereoisomers --- (?)-epicatechin --- (+)-catechin --- (?)-catechin --- plasma appearance --- chiral separation --- pharmacokinetics --- one-compartment model --- n/a