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Recent disasters caused by the spread of fire in buildings and in transportations remind us of the importance of fire protection. Using flame-retardant materials is one important element of the firefighting strategy, which aims to prevent fire development and propagation. These materials are used in different applications, such as in textiles, coatings, foams, furniture, and cables. The development of more efficient and environmentally friendly flame-retardant additives is an active multidisciplinary approach that has attracted a great deal of interest. Studies have aimed at the development of new, sustainable, and flame-retardant additives/materials, providing high performance and low toxicity. Also studied were their properties during ageing and recycling, as well as modeling physical and chemical processes occuring before ignition and during their combustion. The development of sustainable flame retardants and understanding their modes of action provide a strong link between these topics and cover many fields from organic chemistry, materials engineering, and toxicology, to physics and mathematics.

ZIF-8@GO hybrids --- PLA --- dielectric constant --- flame-retardant --- flexible --- biomaterials --- biodegradable --- calorimetry --- composites --- flame retardance --- lignin --- polyamide 11 --- ammonium polyphosphate --- thermal decomposition --- fire reaction --- epoxy novolac resin --- DOPO --- nano-SiO2 --- flame retardancy --- fracture toughness --- lignin nanoparticles --- flame retardancy --- polylactide --- phosphorylation --- biobased materials --- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) --- flame retardancy --- microcalorimetry of combustion --- EVA/LLDPE blend --- flame retardant --- wire and cable --- melamine triazine --- clay --- polymer flammability --- van Krevelen approach --- group contributions --- pyrolysis–combustion flow calorimetry --- phosphorus-containing flame retardant --- reactive flame retardancy --- PLA ROP --- chain extension --- DOPO --- organophosphorus compounds --- flame retardant --- cotton fabrics --- condensed phase --- phenolic resin --- aluminum diethylphosphinate --- melamine --- flame retardancy

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Humidity detection has deep significance for the scientific research surrounding medical care and human performance, and the industrial development of agriculture, geography and automated instruments. This special issue aims to showcase some of the advancements in humidity sensor design and calibration, and its applications. The selected papers cover a variety of humidity sensor-related topics including material science, chemistry and industrial engineering. Through dedicated contributions from peer reviewers and the editorial team, this book aims to offers reader some insight into the field of humidity sensor development and use.

capacitive humidity sensors --- SHT75 --- carbon dioxide --- humidity --- Mars in-situ measurements --- experimental simulation chambers --- Martian atmosphere --- low temperature --- low pressure --- CO2 --- reliability model --- humidity sensor --- self-recovery --- dependent competing failure --- random shocks --- infrared radiant source --- Monte Carlo method --- emissivity --- calibration --- humidity --- relative humidity --- consumer grade weather stations --- calibration --- winter fire risk --- Trace moisture --- ball SAW sensor --- surface acoustic wave --- permeation tube --- bio fuel --- microwave resonator --- moisture measurement --- paper mill --- time domain reflectometry --- TDR --- frequency domain --- FD --- porous materials --- building materials --- moisture --- three-dimensional graphene foams --- humidity sensor --- fast response --- user interaction --- agriculture --- capacitive sensors --- dielectric constant --- remote sensing --- surface soil water content --- humidity sensor --- capacitive --- PI --- SIDE --- IDE --- calibration points --- saturated salt solutions --- humidity sensors --- measurement uncertainty --- humidity --- transient response --- body-seat interface --- thermal impact --- sitting rate --- dual temperature-humidity sensor

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The combination of functional polymers with inorganic nanostructured compounds has become a major area of research and technological development owing to the remarkable properties and multifunctionalities deriving from their nano and hybrid structures. In this context, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSSs) have increasing importance and a dominant position with respect to the reinforcement of polymeric materials. Although POSSs were first described in 1946 by Scott, these materials, however, have not immediately been successful if we consider that, starting from 1946 and up to 1995, we find in the literature 85 manuscripts regarding POSSs; which means that less than two papers per year were published over 50 years. Since 1995, we observe an exponential growth of scientific manuscripts concerning POSSs. It is changing from an annual average of 20 manuscripts for the period 1995–2000 to an annual average of about 400 manuscripts, with an increase of 2800%. The introduction of POSSs inorganic nanostructures into polymers gives rise to polymer nanostructured materials (PNMs) with interesting mechanical and physical properties, thus representing a radical alternative to the traditional filled polymers or polymer compositions.

direct synthesis --- grafting synthesis --- mercapto-modified --- bridged silsesquioxane --- polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes --- POSS --- composites --- thermal stability --- fluorescent sensors --- nitroaromatic explosives --- polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-based ionic liquids --- self-assembly behaviors --- thiol-ene ‘click’ reaction --- siloxane-silsesquioxane resins --- polypropylene --- thermogravimetry --- cone calorimeter tests --- flame-retardant mechanism --- POSS --- filler --- low refractive material --- thermal stability --- fluoropolymer --- polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) --- double-decker-shaped silsesquioxane (DDSQ) --- polyimide --- thermal stability --- dielectric constant --- poly(?-caprolactone) nanocomposite --- POSS nanoparticles --- dispersion --- morphology --- thermal properties --- mechanical properties --- surface properties --- phthalonitrile polymers --- phthalonitrile-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane copolymers --- cyanate ester --- blends --- thermal properties --- POSS-based copolymer --- graphene oxide --- flame retardant --- epoxy resin --- giant surfactant --- thiol–ene “click” reaction --- polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) --- poly(?-caprolactone) --- aqueous self-assembly --- POSS --- ridgid polyurethane foams --- mechanical properties --- cellular structure --- bi-functional POSS --- hydrophobic modification --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- mechanical performance --- silsesquioxanes --- optoelectronics --- OLEDs --- Monomethacryloxy POSS --- lauryl methacrylate --- polymerization kinetics --- anchor effect --- octa-ammonium POSS --- sodium alginate --- hydrogels --- temperature responsiveness --- Octavinyl-POSS --- organic-inorganic crosslinking --- Si@C anode --- lithium ion battery --- mechanism analysis --- monodisperse --- nanocomposites --- damping --- POSS --- liquefied --- benzoxazine --- POSS --- organic-inorganic hybrids --- epoxy resin --- thermal properties --- flame retardancy --- n/a