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Emotions are the gift nature gave us to help us connect with others. Emotions do not come from out of nowhere. Rather, they are constantly generated, usually by stimuli in our interpersonal world. They bond us to others, guide us in navigating our social interactions, and help us care for each other. Paraphrasing Shakespeare, “Our relationships are such stuff as emotions are made of”. Emotions express our needs and desires. When problems happen in our relationships, emotions arise to help us fixing those problems. However, when emotions can become dysregulated, pathology begins. Almost all forms of psychopathology are associated with dysregulated emotions or dysregulatory mechanisms. These dysregulated emotions can become regulated when the therapist helps clients express, face and regulate their emotions, and channel them into healthy actions. This research topic gathers contributions from affective neuroscientists and psychotherapists to illustrate how our emotions become dysregulated in life and can become regulated through psychotherapy.

psychotherapy --- affective Neuroscience --- emotion regulation --- affective disorders --- psychopathology --- cognitive behavioral therapy --- psychodynamic psychotherapy

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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a pivotal role in regulating our emotions. The importance of ventromedial regions in emotion regulation, including the ventral sector of the medial PFC, the medial sector of the orbital cortex and subgenual cingulate cortex, have been recognized for a long time. However, it is increasingly apparent that lateral and dorsal regions of the PFC, as well as neighbouring dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, also play a role. Defining the underlying psychological mechanisms by which these functionally distinct regions modulate emotions and the nature and extent of their interactions is a critical step towards better stratification of the symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders. It is also important to extend our understanding of these prefrontal circuits in development. Specifically, it is important to determine whether they exhibit differential sensitivity to perturbations by known risk factors such as stress and inflammation at distinct developmental epochs. This Special Issue brings together the most recent research in humans and other animals that addresses these important issues, and in doing so, highlights the value of the translational approach.

Williams Syndrome --- neuron density --- glia density --- ventromedial prefrontal cortex --- prelimbic --- infralimbic --- medial prefrontal cortex --- cognitive control --- hierarchical control --- occasion setting --- extinction --- Pavlovian --- fear extinction --- adolescence --- prefrontal cortex --- amygdala --- triadic neural systems model --- development --- adolescence --- machine learning --- networks --- anxiety --- depression --- adolescence --- emotion regulation --- fMRI --- psychophysiology --- psychological treatment --- reliability --- functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) --- connectivity --- emotion processing --- amygdala --- prefrontal cortex --- depression --- adolescent --- prefrontal cortex --- neural --- reward --- positive and negative --- prefrontal cortex --- stress adolescence --- aging --- calcium --- cAMP --- dopamine --- norepinephrine --- serotonin transporter --- rat --- fear extinction --- medial prefrontal cortex --- NMDA --- BDNF --- adolescence --- age --- area 25 --- infralimbic --- autonomic --- emotion --- anhedonia --- negative affect --- anticipatory arousal