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The deep subsurface is, in addition to space, one of the last unknown frontiers to human kind. A significant part of life on Earth resides in the deep subsurface, hiding great potential of microbial life of which we know only little. The conditions in the deep terrestrial subsurface are thought to resemble those of early Earth, which makes this environment an analog for studying early life in addition to possible extraterrestrial life in ultra-extreme conditions. Early microorganisms played a great role in shaping the conditions on the young Earth. Even today deep subsurface microorganisms interact with their geological environment transforming the conditions in the groundwater and on rock surfaces. Essential elements for life are richly present but in difficultly accessible form. The elements driving the microbial deep life is still not completely identified. Most of the microorganisms detected by novel molecular techniques still lack cultured representatives. Nevertheless, using modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics the functional roles of these microorganisms are being revealed. We are starting to see the differences and similarities between the life in the deep subsurface and surface domains. We may even begin to see the function of evolution by comparing deep life to life closer to the surface of Earth. Deep life consists of organisms from all known domains of life. This Research Topic reveals some of the rich diversity and functional properties of the great biomass residing in the deep dark subsurface.

Terrestrial deep biosphere --- Eukaryotes --- Groundwater --- microbiome --- Heavy metal resistance --- MINE --- Nitrogen Cycle --- Iron oxidation --- Methane --- cave

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This guide is intended as an aid for managers of sentinel plantings, botanical gardens or arboreta, as well as phytosanitary inspectors, who may have knowledge of common pests and diseases of woody plants, but may not know the likely cause of damage that they have not encountered before. It aims to provide a tentative identification of relatively broad groups of organisms and not definitive identification of the causal agents. Hence, the pictures in this guide need to be regarded as typical examples of the described symptoms. There are chapters that explain how to use the guide, followed by keys (for different organs of conifer and broadleaf species) to guide the user to the relevant sections of the book, based on the questions entomologists and pathologists ask themselves when looking at a damaged or diseased tree in a fashion similar to how a doctor interrogates a patient to arrive at a diagnosis. The largest part of the book is devoted to the description and illustration of damage types and typical causes of the observed damage. The last chapters provide instructions for taking and preserving samples for further identification by an expert, notification of relevant authorities, and a glossary.

arthropods --- Pinopsida --- plants --- arboreta --- arthropod pests --- botanical gardens --- broadleaves --- guide books --- injuries --- keys --- pests --- plant diseases --- plant pests --- preservation --- sampling --- symptoms --- trees --- woody plants --- botanic gardens --- broadleaved trees --- pest arthropods --- sampling techniques --- Pinophyta --- gymnosperms --- Spermatophyta --- plants --- eukaryotes --- invertebrates --- animals

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This manual aims to make information resources and technical advice available in order to support the deployment of biopesticides, which include microbials (e.g. bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses and fungi), macrobials (e.g. predatory insects, parasitoids and beneficial nematodes), botanicals, and semiochemicals. It is intended to be a one-stop shop to address the information needs of the key groups who are responsible for selecting, sourcing and using biopesticides in the tobacco production system. Chapter 2 provides information for decision makers to support selection of biopesticide active substances. It also provides guidelines for trial managers on experimental design, data collection and reporting. Chapter 3 provides guidance for sourcing biopesticides. It also includes manuals for the local production of three types of biopesticide: Trichogramma; neem [Azadirachta indica]; and fungal biopesticides such as Trichoderma. Chapter 4 presents training materials to provide an overview of biopesticides in general together with detailed information on how to work with the key biopesticides that have already been used successfully to manage key pests in tobacco.

insects --- Nicotiana --- plants --- aquatic organisms --- aquatic plants --- beneficial organisms --- biological control --- biological control agents --- botanical pesticides --- data collection --- decision making --- entomopathogens --- entomophilic nematodes --- experimental design --- handbooks --- information services --- natural enemies --- parasites --- parasitoids --- pathogens --- pest control --- pests --- plant pests --- predators --- predatory insects --- semiochemicals --- tobacco --- aquatic species --- beneficial species --- biocontrol --- biocontrol agents --- biological control organisms --- choice --- data logging --- information sources --- insect nematodes --- manuals --- nematodes --- plot design --- predaceous insects --- predacious insects --- eukaryotes --- Hexapoda --- arthropods --- invertebrates --- animals --- Solanaceae --- Solanales --- eudicots --- angiosperms --- Spermatophyta --- plants

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Despite the significant impacts of alien plant species (IAS), there has not been a concerted effort to tackle the problem across the region. This can mainly be ascribed to a lack of policy, little awareness and limited capacity at a national and regional level. The UN Environment-Global Environment Facility project, 'Removing Barriers to Invasive Species Management in Production and Protection Forests in SE Asia', which was active in Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam, identified these barriers and produced this Guide which will go a long way to creating awareness about invasive plants, their impacts and how best to manage them. This Guide will serve as an invaluable aid in the identification, mapping, monitoring, and management of IAS that are already present in ASEAN member states, or which may become problematic in the future, due to increased trade and travel, economic development and climate change. It is hoped that this Guide would trigger similar efforts in other countries in Southeast Asia as the region moves toward socio-economic integration.

awareness --- guidelines --- introduced species --- invasive alien species --- invasive species --- mapping --- monitoring --- weed control --- weeds --- alien invasive species --- cartography --- exotic organisms --- exotic species --- introduced organisms --- invasive organisms --- invasives --- Kampuchea --- Khmer Republic --- non-indigenous organisms --- non-indigenous species --- non-native organisms --- non-native species --- nonindigenous organisms --- nonindigenous species --- recommendations --- Southeast Asia --- Viet Nam --- Cambodia --- Indonesia --- Philippines --- South East Asia --- Vietnam --- ASEAN Countries --- Indochina --- South East Asia --- Asia --- Least Developed Countries --- Developing Countries --- APEC countries --- eukaryotes

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This book reports on long-term comparative organic farming systems' research trials carried out over the last 5 years in the Southern Cape of South Africa, as well as research into the successes and failures of the organic sector and the technical tools required for sustainable development in South Africa, Zambia, Uganda and Tanzania. It includes 24 chapters organized into 4 parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1-6) discusses the historical development of organic farming systems, examines the global issues which confront us, and develops some concepts showing a progression in small-scale farmer development and how this can be supported with appropriate training and policy. The difference between national food self-sufficiency and household food security is examined, and the organic sector is introduced. Part 2 (Chapters 7-14) deals with capacity building and climate change. Holistic systems, inclusive participatory approaches, institution building and experiential learning are examined. Organic food production, farmer training, value chains, impact of drought on food prices and food availability, and urban water and energy use efficiency are described. Part 3 (Chapters 15-22) presents evidence on how to support organic farmers. It starts with 2 case studies on the well-developed organic sector in Uganda and the developing one in Zambia. The following chapters discuss soil carbon determination, comparison of organic and conventional farming systems, pest and disease control (e.g., chemical, holistic and biological control), soil fumigation, soil microbiology in organic and conventional systems, soil fertility changes and crop yield. Part 4 (Chapters 23-24) makes strategic suggestions about how to upscale organic farming and organic food systems in Southern Africa. This book is a vital resource for all stakeholders in organic agriculture.

organic foods --- pathogens --- pest control --- pesticides --- pests --- plant disease control --- plant diseases --- plant pathogens --- plant pests --- self sufficiency --- soil --- soil fertility --- soil flora --- soil fumigation --- sustainability --- training --- value chain --- water supply --- water use --- water use efficiency --- agricultural systems --- biocontrol --- capacity building --- climatic change --- eco-agriculture --- ecological agriculture --- energy use --- energy utilization --- integrated plant protection --- organic culture --- phytopathogens --- subsaharan Africa --- Tanganyika --- water supplies --- South Africa --- Southern Africa --- Tanzania --- Uganda --- Zambia --- Homo --- Hominidae --- primates --- mammals --- vertebrates --- Chordata --- animals --- eukaryotes --- Anglophone Africa --- Africa --- Commonwealth of Nations --- Developing Countries --- Southern Africa --- Africa South of Sahara --- Threshold Countries --- ACP Countries --- East Africa --- Least Developed Countries --- SADC Countries