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Coping has a myriad of facets: knowledge concerning the circumstances of threats to emotional and physical well being, the ability to meet immediate needs to mitigate, the potential for recurrence, the ability to apply efforts and resources to manage recurrence, and the complex assessment of competing motivations and changing circumstances. Successful coping is measured in the efficiency of efforts in balance with the degree of threat and likelihood of future occurrence. As one means of coping, avoidance encompass thoughts and efforts toward prevention of future aversive experiences and events. Anxiety disorders exemplify an extreme bias toward avoidance. A diathesis learning model focuses research efforts on individual vulnerabilities to acquire and express avoidance, the neurobiology of avoidance learning and its attendant circuitry. A fundamental understanding of avoidance through a diathesis learning model offers will facilitate the development of effective treatment protocols in alleviating anxiety disorders.

Anxiety --- posttraumatic stress disorder --- coping --- stress --- expectancy --- RDoC --- Diathesis --- cingulate --- Amygdala --- Hippocampus

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This chapter provides a brief introduction to mortality patterns over the last two centuries, from a global perspective. The period witnessed enormous and ubiquitous rises in life expectancy at birth, from a global average of perhaps 30 years in 1800 to an estimated average of 72.6 years in 2019. Remarkably, these changes took place despite a perhaps seven- to eight-fold increase of the world’s population, and in the context of unprecedented increases in the speed and frequency of transmission of infectious diseases as a consequence of urbanization, colonization, technological change, and the globalization of trade. This chapter describes the gradual recession of famine and infectious diseases in now-developed countries before c.1870, the acceleration of improvements in life expectancy 1870-1940. and the much more rapid and global gains since the mid twentieth century, together with a brief account of some of the major reversals to these trends, including the HIV and smoking pandemics. It outlines the broad geography and chronology of changes in patterns of mortality, and introduces debates regarding the roles of economic growth and the roles of medicine and states. It concludes with a brief discussion of recent and future trends.

mortality patterns --- death rates --- life expectancy --- causes of death --- disease --- patterns of mortality

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The year 2019 has been prolific in terms of new evidence regarding the effects of coffee and caffeine consumption on diverse aspects of human functioning. This book collects 20 high-quality manuscripts published in Nutrients that include original investigation or systematic review studies of the effects of caffeine intake on human performance and health. The diversity of the articles published in this Special Issue highlights the extent of the effects of coffee and caffeine on human functioning, while underpinning the positive nature of most of these effects. This book will help with understanding why the natural sources of caffeine are so widely present in the nutrition behaviors of modern society.

pharmacokinetics --- energy drink --- exercise --- elite athlete --- performance --- football --- RPE --- DOMS --- sport performance --- supplementation --- ergogenic aids --- consumer --- behavior --- perception --- coffee --- health --- consumption motives --- coffee/caffeine --- systematic review and meta-analysis --- prospective studies --- epidemiology --- cancer prevention --- colorectal cancer --- individual responses --- responders --- exercise performance --- ergogenic aids --- caffeine --- coffee --- tea --- energy drinks --- pregnancy --- newborn --- caffeine --- ergogenic aid --- resistance training --- isokinetic testing --- adrenal gland --- caffeine --- corticosterone --- puberty --- rat --- sex-difference --- caffeine --- energy drinks --- fatigue --- mood state --- exercise --- supplement --- resistance exercise --- speed --- repetition --- n/a --- metabolome --- skeletal muscle --- exercise --- muscle contraction --- ergogenic effect --- bench press --- upper limb --- resistance exercise --- ergogenic substances --- time under tension --- 1RM test --- caffeine --- metabolites --- phenotyping --- CYP450 --- NAT --- xanthine oxidase --- actigraphy --- athletic --- coffee --- ergogenic aid --- supplement --- anaerobic --- caffeine --- CMJ --- ergogenic aids --- exercise --- nutrition --- sport supplement --- Wingate --- electromyography --- efficiency --- sport --- exercise --- expectancy --- belief --- perceptions --- placebo effect --- recovery --- strength --- power --- sprint performance --- menstrual cycle --- fatigue --- placebo --- ergogenic --- EEG–EMG coherence --- n/a --- women --- resistance exercise --- exercise training --- velocity --- ergogenic aid --- muscle function --- n/a

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The sensing, adapting, responding, multifunctionality, low energy, small size and weight, ease of forming, and low-cost attributes of smart textiles and their multidisciplinary scope offer numerous end uses in medical, sports and fitness, military, fashion, automotive, aerospace, the built environment, and energy industries. The research and development on these new and high-value materials cross scientific boundaries, redefine material science design and engineering, and enhance quality of life and our environment. “Novel Smart Textiles” is a focused Special Issue that reports the latest research of this field and facilitates dissemination, networking, discussion, and debate.

e-textile --- metamaterials --- transmission line --- wearable --- split ring resonator --- dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) --- polyacrylonitrile (PAN) --- nanofiber mat --- electrospinning --- PEDOT:PSS --- dye-sensitized solar cell --- half-textile --- spectral analysis --- parameter identification --- equivalent circuit --- black-box --- grey-box --- power spectral density --- optimization --- analytical model --- electromagnetic shielding effectiveness --- electric properties --- fabric --- woven textiles --- carbon nanomaterials --- smart fabrics --- in-line monitoring --- polymeric composites --- carbon nanotubes --- reduced graphene oxide --- textile electrode --- ECG --- motion sensor --- skin-electrode impedance --- electrically conductive textiles --- polymers --- smart textiles --- surface area evaluation --- microencapsulation --- biofunctional --- drug-delivery --- textile-based stretch sensors --- stitch structure --- wearable stretch sensor --- conductive thread --- conductivity --- metal flake --- coating --- e-textile --- encapsulation --- durability --- stiffness --- textile/polymer composite --- stretchable electronics --- smart textiles --- mechanical and electrical properties --- quasi-static and cyclic mechanical loading --- life-time expectancy --- smart textile --- thermal textile pixel --- thermal communication --- non-auditory and nonvisual communication --- thermal conductivity --- Peltier element --- SMART pattern-changing fabric --- pattern effect --- visual response --- visual brain --- event-related potential (ERP) --- psychotextiles --- art and design --- smart textiles --- textile sensors --- e-textiles --- visual brain --- thermal textile pixels --- stretchable electronics --- conductive textiles --- wearables --- stitch-based sensors --- biofunctional textiles --- ECG --- hybrid electrodes --- motion tracking --- carbon nanotextiles --- composites --- EMS textiles --- electrospun solar cells --- embroidered e-textiles --- targeted delivery --- psychotextiles --- energy harvesting --- multifunctional