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Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review remains one of the most cited sources in marine science and oceanography. The ever increasing interest in work in oceanography and marine biology and its relevance to global environmental issues, especially global climate change and its impacts, creates a demand for authoritative reviews summarizing the results of recent research. This volume covers topics that include resting cysts from coastal marine plankton, facilitation cascades in marine ecosystems, and the way that human activities are rapidly altering the sensory landscape and behaviour of marine animals. For more than 50 years, OMBAR has been an essential reference for research workers and students in all fields of marine science. From Volume 57 a new international Editorial Board ensures global relevance, with editors from the UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and Singapore. The series volumes find a place in the libraries of not only marine laboratories and institutes, but also universities.

marine ecosystems --- facilitation cascades --- directions --- synthesis

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Competitiveness describes a key ability important for plants to grow and survive abiotic and biotic stresses. Under optimal, but particularly under non-optimal conditions, plants compete for resources including nutrients, light, water, space, pollinators and other. Competition occurs above- and belowground. In resource-poor habitats, competition is generally considered to be more pronounced than in resource-rich habitats. Although competition occurs between different players within an ecosystem such as between plants and soil microorganisms, our topic focusses on plant-plant interactions and includes inter-specific competition between different species of similar and different life forms and intra-specific competition.Strategies for securing resources via spatial or temporal separation and different resource needs generally reduce competition. Increasingly important is the effect of invasive plants and subsequent decline in biodiversity and ecosystem function. Current knowledge and future climate predictions suggest that in some situations competition will be intensified with occurrence of increased abiotic (e.g. water and nutrient limitations) and biotic stresses (e.g. mass outbreak of insects), but competition might also decrease in situations where plant productivity and survival declines (e.g. habitats with degraded soils).Changing interactions, climate change and biological invasions place new challenges on ecosystems. Understanding processes and mechanisms that underlie the interactions between plants and environmental factors will aid predictions and intervention. There is much need to develop strategies to secure ecosystem services via primary productivity and to prevent the continued loss of biodiversity.This Research Topic provides an up-to-date account of knowledge on plant-plant interactions with a focus on identifying the mechanisms underpinning competitive ability. The Research Topic aims to showcase knowledge that links ecological relevance with physiological processes to better understanding plant and ecosystem function.

competition --- Climate Change --- invasion --- conservation --- Allelochemicals --- Global Warming --- facilitation --- plant-plant interactions

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Hardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood regeneration, often preventing it. Particularly important are fruit, nut and acorn bearing species, because of their vital role in forest food webs and biodiversity. Restoring hardwood species to natural forests in which they were formerly more abundant will require a number of forest management actions (e.g., resistant hybrids, deer exclosures/protectors, enrichment planting, underplanting, etc.). Similarly, reforesting areas that were once natural forests will also require new silvicultural knowledge. Global warming trends will intensify the need for interventions to maintain the diversity and function of temperate hardwood forests, as well as for increase hardwood reforestation.

forest restoration --- Fagaceae species --- seed predation --- seedling establishment --- sub-tropical hardwoods --- native mixed forests --- agroforestry --- riparian forest restoration --- hardwoods --- Juglans nigra --- Quercus macrocarpa --- Pinus strobus --- vegetation management --- weed control --- nitrate --- phosphorus --- deer abundance --- forest diversity --- avian guilds --- protected landscape area --- understorey --- unmanaged forest --- tree shelter --- deer browsing --- hardwood restoration --- assisted migration --- enrichment planting --- shelterwood --- Pinus strobus L. --- Quercus rubra L. --- Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch --- Juglans nigra L. --- Quercus rubra --- oak regeneration --- Central Hardwood Forest region --- shelterwood --- deer herbivory --- sugar maple --- yellow birch --- tree vigor --- growth efficiency index --- tree selection --- invasive plants --- forest restoration --- soil disturbance --- herbicide effects --- forest regeneration --- floristic quality index --- species composition --- Bioclimatic niche --- Durango --- Mexican tree species --- MaxEnt --- non-parametric correlation --- forest restoration --- wildfire --- biological diversity --- cultural diversity --- ecosystem services --- monitoring --- indicators --- inventory --- Native Americans --- non-timber forest products --- tree plantation --- abandoned agricultural field --- predation --- competition --- tolerance --- facilitation --- precision restoration