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Questions concerning free will are intertwined with issues in almost every area of philosophy, from metaphysics to philosophy of mind to moral philosophy, and are also informed by work in different areas of science (principally physics, neuroscience and social psychology). Free will is also a perennial concern of serious thinkers in theology and in non-western traditions. Because free will can be approached from so many different perspectives and has implications for so many debates, a comprehensive survey needs to encompass an enormous range of approaches. This book is the first to draw together leading experts on every aspect of free will, from those who are central to the current philosophical debates, to non-western perspectives, to scientific contributions and to those who know the rich history of the subject. Its 61 chapters, commissioned especially for this volume from the world’s leading researchers, are framed by a General Introduction and briefer introductions for each of the six sections. A list of References, an annotated Suggested Reading list, and a short list of Related Topics are included at the end of each chapter.
Book title: The Routledge Companion to Free Will
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In this chapter, I review recent work on neuroscientifi c threats to free will. What is it for something to threaten free will? Consider, fi rst, an apparent threat. You are walking in the dark, and a shadow looms in the distance. It certainly appears threatening, but you are not sure. What do you do? You consider the source of the threat (the thing casting the shadow, and you attempt to discover whether the threat is actual (an attacker) or merely apparent (a tree). And if the threat is actual, you attempt to discern what epistemic and behavioral changes are required of you.
free will --- threats --- neuroscience
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What is it for agents to be able to do things? This question, while central to many debates, is still awaiting a comprehensive answer. Jaster provides just that by developing the “success view,” which posits that abilities are in essence a matter of successful behavior. Along the way, she explores various issues, including the augmentable nature of abilities, the relationship between abilities and dispositions, and the ability to act otherwise.
Abilities --- dispositions --- free will
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Freedom of speech is a fundamental human right and a core value in liberal democracies. It is also, however, one of our time’s most contested issues, constantly claimed to be either too wide-ranging, at the peril of vulnerable minority groups, or too limited, restricting dissent and democratic deliberation. Employing a sociological lens on the dynamics of the public sphere, this book investigates how the boundaries of free speech are contested and negotiated through social processes which silence certain groups and opinions while amplifying others. The book focuses on key topics in current free speech debates – immigration, religion and culture. Drawing on population-representative survey data, media analysis and in-depth interviews, the authors paint a broad picture of how boundaries of free speech are defined and maintained, experienced and challenged, in the rapidly changing Norwegian public sphere.
free speech --- media --- norway --- public sphere
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In the view of the increasingly strong and far-reaching international interdependence of the national legal system, the question as to where the German Basic Law relates concerning the increasing international complexity is becoming ever more important. In response to this, the German Basic Law is said to be a constitution open to international law, which is extracted from the basic principle of ‘Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit’ (friendliness toward international law). However, it remains vague in which relation such a principle would stand to the rule of law, the principle of democracy or the system of basic rights, if it is inserted into their limitations or constitutes a supreme premise. The focus of this study lays upon the attempt to make the principle of Völkerrechtsfreundlichkeit tangible and to explore its legal content of.
international law --- free democratic basic order --- constitution
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The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is proposed for studying hydrodynamic processes related to nuclear engineering problems. A problem of possible recriticality due to the sloshing motions of the molten reactor core is studied with SPH method. The accuracy of the numerical solution obtained in this study with the SPH method is significantly higher than that obtained with the SIMMER-III/IV reactor safety analysis code.
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Au cours du premier semestre 2008, une expérimentation des effets de la gratuité totale sur la fréquentation et les publics a été menée auprès de quatorze institutions nationales, dix musées et quatre monuments dépendant du ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, des ministères de la Défense et de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche. Au-delà de l’augmentation de la fréquentation, l’enquête visait à évaluer l’effet de la gratuité sur la diversification des publics. Les résultats montrent que la gratuité a permis d’augmenter très significativement le nombre d’entrées, et que les étudiants, et plus généralement les jeunes âgés de moins de trente ans ont été les plus mobilisés, même si l’on observe un plébiscite de la gratuité auprès de tous les groupes sociaux. Qu’il s’agisse du public déjà familier des musées et plus encore des primo-visiteurs, l’effet accélérateur de la gratuité sur la démocratisation de l’accès aux institutions muséales est manifeste.
State --- democratization --- cultural participation --- museums --- free access
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There is agency in all we do: thinking, doing, or making. We invent a tune, play, or use it to celebrate an occasion. Or we make a conceptual leap and ask more abstract questions about the conditions for agency. They include autonomy and self-appraisal, each contested by arguments immersing us in circumstances we don’t control. But can it be true we that have no personal responsibility for all we think and do? Agency: Moral Identity and Free Will proposes that deliberation, choice, and free will emerged within the evolutionary history of animals with a physical advantage: organisms having cell walls or exoskeletons had an internal space within which to protect themselves from external threats or encounters. This defense was both structural and active: such organisms could ignore intrusions or inhibit risky behavior. Their capacities evolved with time: inhibition became the power to deliberate and choose the manner of one’s responses. Hence the ability of humans and some other animals to determine their reactions to problematic situations or to information that alters values and choices. This is free will as a material power, not as the conclusion to a conceptual argument. Having it makes us morally responsible for much we do. It prefigures moral identity. Closely argued but plainly written, Agency: Moral Identity and Free Will speaks for autonomy and responsibility when both are eclipsed by ideas that embed us in history or tradition. Our sense of moral choice and freedom is accurate. We are not altogether the creatures of our circumstances.
Philosophy --- Ethics --- Moral Philosopy --- Free Will
Book title: Electronic Imaging & the Visual Arts. EVA 2018 Florence
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Ultra-wide area FTV is an FTV with very wide viewing zone where motion parallax is realized. 4D orthogonal ray-space is analyzed and applied to ultra-wide area FTV. Ray-space of “a group of rays through one point” is derived in 4D orthogonal ray-space. It is extended to obtain ray-space captured by linear arrangement cameras. View generation of ultra-wide area FTV needs rays that are not captured by real cameras. These rays are synthesized by interpolating the captured ray-space so that the intersections of the captured ray-space and the ray-space of rays emitted from a light source have the same color.
4D Ray-Space --- FTV --- Free-Viewpoint Television
Book title: Electronic Imaging & the Visual Arts. EVA 2018 Florence
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FTV (Free-viewpoint Television) is visual media that transmits all ray information of a 3D space and enables immersive 3D viewing. The international standardization of FTV has been conducted in MPEG. The first phase of FTV is multiview video coding (MVC), and the second phase is 3D video (3DV). The third phase of FTV is MPEG-FTV, which targets revolutionized viewing of 3D scenes via super multiview, free navigation, and 360-degree 3D. After the success of exploration experiments and Call for Evidence, MPEG-FTV moved MPEG Immersive project (MPEG-I), where it is in charge of video part as MPEG-I Visual. MPEG-I will create standards for immersive audio-visual services.
FTV --- Free-Viewpoint Television --- Standardization --- Mpeg
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