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Aflatoxins are a group of polyketide mycotoxins that are produced mainly by members of the genus Aspergillus. Production of these toxic secondary metabolites is closely related to fungal development (Keller et al., 2005; Jamali et al., 2012). Contamination of food, feed and agricultural commodities by aflatoxins poses enormous economic and serious health concerns because these chemicals are highly carcinogenic and can directly influence the structure of DNA. The resulting genetic defects can lead to fetal misdevelopment and miscarriages; aflatoxins are also known to suppress immune systems (Razzaghi-Abyaneh et al., 2013). In a global context, aflatoxin contamination is a constant concern between the 35N and 35S latitude where developing countries are mainly situated. With expanding boundaries of developing countries, aflatoxin contamination has become a persistent problem to those emerging areas (Shams-Ghahfarokhi et al., 2013). The continuing threat by aflatoxin contamination of food, feed and agricultural commodities to the world population has made aflatoxin research one of the most exciting and rapidly developing study areas of microbial toxins. The present research topic includes six review articles, three mini reviews and four original research articles. Contributors highlight current global health issues arising from aflatoxins and aflatoxigenic fungi and cover important aspects of aflatoxin research including contamination of crops, epidemiology, molecular biology and management strategies. Special attention is given to fungus-plant host interactions, biodiversity and biocontrol, sexual recombination in aflatoxigenic aspergilli, potential biomarkers for aflatoxin exposure in humans and safe storage programs.

aflatoxin --- Public Health --- Aspergillus flavus --- Genomics --- biological control --- genetic diversity --- MicroRNAs --- agricultural crops --- Fungus host interactions

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Dear Colleagues,This Special Issue is dedicated to fungi that are found as endophytes in the world’s plants. Among many other things, it covers newly-discovered fungi that are endophytic. The role of the endophyte in the plant microbiome is of emerging interest, and aspects of are included. Secondary products of endophytes are receiving renewed attention as some have been found that are potential fuels, antibiotics, antioxidants, and anticancer agents, as well as immunosuppressive compounds. Aspects concerning the physiological/biochemical/role of the endophyte, as it relates to its host are also of interest. It goes without saying that this volume also includes aspects of the genetics and epigenetics of endophytes, especially as they relate to the host genome or the production of valuable and important products. Dr. Gary A. StrobelGuest Editor

Endophytic fungus --- Endophytes --- Endophyte-Host Interactions --- Secondary products and their uses --- Endophytes as the plant microbiome --- Epigenetics and endophytes

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Marine natural products containing a heterocyclic moiety in their structure are present in a wide variety of sponges, corals, algae, and fungi. Many of them show important biological activities such as cytotoxic properties against several cancer cell lines. Their challenging chemical structures have attracted the attention of many researchers who have developed various synthetic approaches. This Special Issue presents some examples of new synthetic or biosynthetic methodologies to access this type of marine natural drug.

smenamides --- marine natural products --- peptide/polyketide molecules --- synthetic analogues --- functional-analogues --- antiproliferative activity --- MM cell line --- alotamide --- asymmetric synthesis --- relative structural determination --- tetrahydropyrans --- acid mediated cyclization --- stereoselective --- marine drugs analogues --- pallescensin 1 --- pallescensin 2 --- dihydropallescensin 2 --- isomicrocionin-3 --- pallescensone --- furanosesquiterpenes --- stereoselective synthesis --- lipase-mediated resolution --- cyclogeranylsulfonylbenzene isomers --- microalgae --- Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 --- short chain fatty acids --- ?-ketoacyl ACP Synthase --- psammaplin A --- marine natural product --- biological activity --- structural modification --- benzo[d]thiazol --- synthesis --- antarctic-derived fungus --- antidepressant --- anticonvulsant --- toluquinol --- thymoquinone --- marine hydroquinone --- antitumor --- natural compound analogues --- hybrid polyketides --- tetramic acid --- Cladosporium sphaerospermum --- hybrid PKS-NRPS --- LLC-PK1 cells --- GGPPS --- Haematococcus pluvialis --- astaxanthin --- Iso-Seq --- anticandidal activity --- antimicrobial peptides --- Candida albicans --- Octominin --- Octopus minor

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A virus (from the Latin word ‘v?rus’ meaning ‘venom’ or ‘poison’) is a microorganism invisible to the naked eye. Viruses can multiply exclusively by entering a cell and using the cell’s resources to create copies of themselves. As the origin of their name suggests, viruses are generally considered dangerous, harmful and often deadly. Some of the most well-studied and widely known viruses, such as HIV and influenza, infect humans. However, viruses can also infect animals, plants and microorganisms, including fungi. Many fungi are medically, ecologically and economically significant, for example, causing diseases to humans, plants and insects or being used in industry to produce bread, cheese, beer and wine. Viruses that infect fungi are called mycoviruses (from the Greek work ‘myco’, meaning ‘fungus’). Mycoviruses do not cause harm to or kill the infected fungus; in contrast, they are ‘friendly’ viruses and we can utilize them to control the growth, pathogenicity and toxin production of fungi. This book describes a range of different mycoviruses and their geographical distribution, transmission and evolution, together with their effects on the fungal hosts and how these are brought about.

RNA silencing --- gemycircularvirus --- mycovirus --- antiviral --- dicer --- dsRNA mycoviruses --- multiplex PCR --- Aspergillus fumigatus chrysovirus --- Aspergillus fumigatus partitivirus-1 --- Aspergillus fumigatus tetramycovirus-1. --- Botrytis cinerea --- hypovirus --- fusarivirus --- hypovirulence --- infection cushion --- Botrytis cinerea --- Botrytis cinerea mymonavirus 1 --- Mymonaviridae --- dsRNA virus --- mycovirus --- capsid protein --- capsid structure --- virus evolution --- viral lineage --- ScV-L-A --- PcV --- PsV-F --- RnQV1 --- chrysovirus --- mycovirus --- Aspergillus --- A. fumigatus --- A. nidulans --- A. niger --- A. thermomutatus --- biocontrol --- Saccharomyces paradoxus --- Totiviridae --- dsRNA virus --- killer system --- Trichoderma atroviride --- Mycovirus --- Partitivirus --- Fusarium head blight --- mycovirus --- RNA genome --- mitovirus --- Tymovirales --- Ethiopia --- Sclerotinia minor --- endornavirus --- hypovirulence --- transmissibility --- biological control --- Chalara fraxinea --- Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus --- ash dieback --- Narnaviridae --- evolution --- invasive species --- horizontal virus transmission --- Brunchorstia pinea --- conifers --- mycovirus --- dsRNA --- ssRNA --- phylogeny --- evolution --- mycovirus --- Beauveria bassiana --- partitivirus --- victorivirus --- polymycovirus --- selection pressure --- recombination --- transmission --- mycovirus --- populations study --- Cryphonectria parasitica --- chestnut blight --- Castanea sativa --- biological control --- Mycovirus --- rice blast fungus --- Magnaporthe oryzae. chrysovirus 1 --- double-stranded RNA virus --- hypovirulence --- Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA --- mycovirus --- dsRNA --- Alphapartitivirus --- genomic structure analysis --- mycorrhizal fungi --- mycovirus --- mitovirus --- Rhizophagus --- hypovirus --- small RNA --- tRFs --- mycovirus --- fungal viruses --- dsRNA mycoviruses --- hypervirulence --- Leptosphaeria biglobosa quadrivirus --- Botrytis cinerea --- hypovirulence --- partitivirus --- conidiogenesis --- sclerogenesis --- mycovirus --- dsRNA --- sequencing --- killer toxin --- totivirus --- brown rot --- stone fruit --- Prunus --- mycovirus --- hypervirulence --- hypovirulence --- isogenic --- database mining --- Entomophthora --- Entomophthoromycotina --- fungal virus --- mitochondrion --- mycovirus --- virus discovery --- Mitovirus --- Narnaviridae --- n/a