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The aim of this two-volume title is to give a comprehensive review of one hundred years of development of general relativity and its scientific influences. This unique title provides a broad introduction and review to the fascinating and profound subject of general relativity, its historical development, its important theoretical consequences, gravitational wave detection and applications to astrophysics and cosmology. The series focuses on five aspects of the theory:Genesis, Solutions and EnergyEmpirical FoundationsGravitational WavesCosmologyQuantum GravityThe first three topics are covered in Volume 1 and the remaining two are covered in Volume 2. While this is a two-volume title, it is designed so that each volume can be a standalone reference volume for the related topic.

General Relativity --- Gravitation --- Gravitational Waves --- Cosmology --- Quantum Gravity

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Detailed information on the gravitational effect of the Earth’s topographic and isostatic masses can be calculated by gravity forward modeling. Within this book, the tesseroid-based Rock-Water-Ice (RWI) approach is developed, which allows a rigorous separate modeling of the Earth’s rock, water, and ice masses with variable density values. Besides a discussion and evaluation of the RWI approach, applications in the context of the GOCE satellite mission and height system unification are presented.

Vorwärtsmodellierung, Tesseroide, Rock-Water-Ice Ansatz, Satellitenmission GOCE, Vereinheitlichung von Höhensystemen,Gravity forward modeling, Tesseroids, Rock-Water-Ice approach, GOCE satellite mission, Height system unification

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The four volumes of the proceedings of MG14 give a broad view of all aspects of gravitational physics and astrophysics, from mathematical issues to recent observations and experiments. The scientific program of the meeting included 35 morning plenary talks over 6 days, 6 evening popular talks and 100 parallel sessions on 84 topics over 4 afternoons.Volume A contains plenary and review talks ranging from the mathematical foundations of classical and quantum gravitational theories including recent developments in string theory, to precision tests of general relativity including progress towards the detection of gravitational waves, and from supernova cosmology to relativistic astrophysics, including topics such as gamma ray bursts, black hole physics both in our galaxy and in active galactic nuclei in other galaxies, and neutron star, pulsar and white dwarf astrophysics.The remaining volumes include parallel sessions which touch on dark matter, neutrinos, X-ray sources, astrophysical black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, binary systems, radiative transfer, accretion disks, quasars, gamma ray bursts, supernovas, alternative gravitational theories, perturbations of collapsed objects, analog models, black hole thermodynamics, numerical relativity, gravitational lensing, large scale structure, observational cosmology, early universe models and cosmic microwave background anisotropies, inhomogeneous cosmology, inflation, global structure, singularities, chaos, Einstein-Maxwell systems, wormholes, exact solutions of Einstein's equations, gravitational waves, gravitational wave detectors and data analysis, precision gravitational measurements, quantum gravity and loop quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, strings and branes, self-gravitating systems, gamma ray astronomy, cosmic rays and the history of general relativity.

General Relativity --- Gravitation --- Astrophysics --- Quantum Gravity --- Cosmology --- Theoretical Physics --- String Theory --- Gravitational Wave --- Gamma Ray Burst --- Black Hole --- Active Galactic Nuclei --- Neutron Star --- Pulsar --- White Dwarf --- Dark Matter --- Neutrinos --- X-ray Sources --- Binary Systems --- Radiative Transfer --- Accretion Disks --- Supernova --- Black Hole Thermodynamics --- Numerical Relativity --- Gravitational Lensing --- Large Scale Structure --- Observational Cosmology --- Early Universe Models --- Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies --- Inhomogeneous Cosmology --- Inflation --- Einstein-Maxwell Systems --- Wormholes --- Exact Solutions of Einstein's Equations --- Gravitational Wave Detectors and Data Analysis --- Precision Gravitational Measurements --- Loop Quantum Gravity --- Quantum Cosmology --- Cosmic Rays

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Quantum information has dramatically changed information science and technology, looking at the quantum nature of the information carrier as a resource for building new information protocols, designing radically new communication and computation algorithms, and ultra-sensitive measurements in metrology, with a wealth of applications. From a fundamental perspective, this new discipline has led us to regard quantum theory itself as a special theory of information, and has opened routes for exploring solutions to the tension with general relativity, based, for example, on the holographic principle, on non-causal variations of the theory, or else on the powerful algorithm of the quantum cellular automaton, which has revealed new routes for exploring quantum fields theory, both as a new microscopic mechanism on the fundamental side, and as a tool for efficient physical quantum simulations for practical purposes. In this golden age of foundations, an astonishing number of new ideas, frameworks, and results, spawned by the quantum information theory experience, have revolutionized the way we think about the subject, with a new research community emerging worldwide, including scientists from computer science and mathematics.

reconstruction of quantum theory --- entanglement --- monogamy --- quantum non-locality --- conserved informational charges --- limited information --- complementarity --- characterization of unitary group and state spaces --- algebraic quantum theory --- C*-algebra --- gelfand duality --- classical context --- bohrification --- process theory --- classical limit --- purity --- higher-order interference --- generalised probabilistic theories --- Euclidean Jordan algebras --- Pauli exclusion principle --- quantum foundations --- X-ray spectroscopy --- underground experiment --- silicon drift detector --- measurement uncertainty relations --- relative entropy --- position --- momentum --- quantum mechanics --- the measurement problem --- collapse models --- X-rays --- quantum gravity --- discrete spacetime --- causal sets --- path summation --- entropic gravity --- physical computing models --- complexity classes --- causality --- blind source separation (BSS) --- qubit pair --- exchange coupling --- entangled pure state --- unentanglement criterion --- probabilities in quantum measurements --- independence of random quantum sources --- iterant --- Clifford algebra --- matrix algebra --- braid group --- Fermion --- Dirac equation --- quantum information --- quantum computation --- semiclassical physics --- quantum control --- quantum genetic algorithm --- sampling-based learning control (SLC) --- quantum foundations --- relativity --- quantum gravity --- cluster states --- multipartite entanglement --- percolation --- Shannon information --- quantum information --- quantum measurements --- consistent histories --- incompatible frameworks --- single framework rule --- probability theory --- entropy --- quantum relative entropy --- quantum information --- quantum mechanics --- inference --- quantum measurement --- quantum estimation --- macroscopic quantum measurement --- quantum annealing --- adiabatic quantum computing --- hard problems --- Hadamard matrix --- binary optimization --- reconstruction of quantum mechanics --- conjugate systems --- Jordan algebras --- quantum correlations --- Gaussian states --- Gaussian unitary operations --- continuous-variable systems --- Wigner-friend experiment --- no-go theorem --- quantum foundations --- interpretations of quantum mechanics --- subsystem --- agent --- conservation of information --- purification --- group representations --- commuting subalgebras --- quantum walks --- Hubbard model --- Thirring model --- quantum information --- quantum foundations --- quantum theory and gravity

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Satellite altimetry is a radar technique for measuring the topography of the Earth’s surface. It was initially designed for measuring the ocean’s topography, with reference to an ellipsoid, and for the determination of the marine geoid. Satellite altimetry has provided extremely valuable information on ocean science (e.g., circulation surface geostrophic currents, eddy structures, wave heights, and the propagation of oceanic Kelvin and Rossby waves). With more than 25 years of observations, it is also becoming vital to climate research, providing accurate measurements of sea level variations from regional to global scales. Altimetry has also demonstrated a strong potential for geophysical, cryospheric, and hydrological research and is now commonly used for the monitoring of Arctic and Antarctic ice sheet topography and of terrestrial surface water levels. This book aims to present reviews and recent advances of general interest in the use of radar altimetry in Earth sciences. Manuscripts are related to any aspect of radar altimetry technique or geophysical applications. We also encourage manuscripts resulting from the application of new altimetric technology (SAR, SARin, and Ka band) and improvements expected from missions to be launched in the near future (i.e., SWOT).

satellite altimetry --- Envisat --- SARAL --- unsupervised classification --- K-medoids --- Greenland Sea --- Fram Strait --- upper layer thickness --- satellite altimeter --- two-layer ocean model --- South China Sea --- coastal altimetry --- sea surface height --- Jason-2 --- waveform retracking --- satellite altimetry --- inland water --- CryosSat-2 SAR --- Mekong Basin --- water level time series --- classification --- stack data --- altimetry --- Ka-band --- data processing --- calibration --- validation --- altimetry --- SAR --- calibration --- validation --- sea surface height --- coastal altimetry --- validation --- tide gauge --- altimetry --- Ka-band --- oceanography --- hydrology --- ice --- geodesy --- Jason-2 --- Hong Kong coast --- retracking --- X-TRACK --- ALES --- PISTACH --- radar altimetry --- coastal altimetry --- sea surface height --- topography of the intertidal zone --- ERS-2 --- ENVISAT --- SARAL --- CryoSat-2 --- altimetry --- water level --- discharge --- Sentinel-3 --- satellite altimetry --- microwave radiometer --- wet tropospheric correction --- wet path delay --- sensor calibration --- HY-2A --- waveform retracking --- range precision --- marine gravity --- radar altimetry --- waveform --- dielectric permittivity --- soil moisture --- satellite altimetry --- SWOT --- western Mediterranean Sea --- fine scale --- SWOT simulator --- ROMS model --- filtering --- storm surge --- satellite altimetry --- calibration --- numerical modelling --- FVCOM --- ocean tides --- coastal altimetry --- ALES retracker --- ocean geostrophy --- water volume transport --- satellite geodesy --- space gravity --- altimetry --- Argo --- Southern Ocean --- ACC --- lake level --- lake volume --- evaporation --- streamflow --- Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) --- altimetry --- Landsat --- Aral Sea --- altimetry --- water levels --- validation --- Inner Niger Delta --- altimetry --- orbit decay --- drifting orbit --- geodetic orbit --- leads --- satellite altimetry --- CryoSat-2 --- classification --- peakiness --- polar ocean