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The aim of this two-volume title is to give a comprehensive review of one hundred years of development of general relativity and its scientific influences. This unique title provides a broad introduction and review to the fascinating and profound subject of general relativity, its historical development, its important theoretical consequences, gravitational wave detection and applications to astrophysics and cosmology. The series focuses on five aspects of the theory:Genesis, Solutions and EnergyEmpirical FoundationsGravitational WavesCosmologyQuantum GravityThe first three topics are covered in Volume 1 and the remaining two are covered in Volume 2. While this is a two-volume title, it is designed so that each volume can be a standalone reference volume for the related topic.

General Relativity --- Gravitation --- Gravitational Waves --- Cosmology --- Quantum Gravity

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Detailed information on the gravitational effect of the Earth’s topographic and isostatic masses can be calculated by gravity forward modeling. Within this book, the tesseroid-based Rock-Water-Ice (RWI) approach is developed, which allows a rigorous separate modeling of the Earth’s rock, water, and ice masses with variable density values. Besides a discussion and evaluation of the RWI approach, applications in the context of the GOCE satellite mission and height system unification are presented.

Vorwärtsmodellierung, Tesseroide, Rock-Water-Ice Ansatz, Satellitenmission GOCE, Vereinheitlichung von Höhensystemen,Gravity forward modeling, Tesseroids, Rock-Water-Ice approach, GOCE satellite mission, Height system unification

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The development of mathematical techniques, combined with new possibilities of computational simulation, have greatly broadened the study of non-linear lattices, a theme among the most refined and interdisciplinary-oriented in the field of mathematical physics. This Special Issue mainly focuses on state-of-the-art advancements concerning the many facets of non-linear lattices, from the theoretical ones to more applied ones. The non-linear and discrete systems play a key role in all ranges of physical experience, from macrophenomena to condensed matter, up to some models of space discrete space-time.

Plastic Deformations in Crystals, Sin-Gordon Equations, Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Problem, Toda Lattice, Boltzmann Lattice, nonlinear waves and solitons, Ergodicity and integrability problems, Small Molecules with non linear local modes, Protein Models, DNA Models, Neuronal Lattices Models, Computational Issues, Cellular Automata, Lattice Gas, Lattice Boltzmann, Lattice gravity, Quantum field theory, Ultracold lattice fluids

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Emergent quantum mechanics explores the possibility of an ontology for quantum mechanics. The resurgence of interest in ""deeper-level"" theories for quantum phenomena challenges the standard, textbook interpretation. The book presents expert views that critically evaluate the significance—for 21st century physics—of ontological quantum mechanics, an approach that David Bohm helped pioneer. The possibility of a deterministic quantum theory was first introduced with the original de Broglie-Bohm theory, which has also been developed as Bohmian mechanics. The wide range of perspectives that were contributed to this book on the occasion of David Bohm’s centennial celebration provide ample evidence for the physical consistency of ontological quantum mechanics. The book addresses deeper-level questions such as the following: Is reality intrinsically random or fundamentally interconnected? Is the universe local or nonlocal? Might a radically new conception of reality include a form of quantum causality or quantum ontology? What is the role of the experimenter agent? As the book demonstrates, the advancement of ‘quantum ontology’—as a scientific concept—marks a clear break with classical reality. The search for quantum reality entails unconventional causal structures and non-classical ontology, which can be fully consistent with the known record of quantum observations in the laboratory.

quantum foundations --- nonlocality --- retrocausality --- Bell’s theorem --- Bohmian mechanics --- quantum theory --- surrealistic trajectories --- Bell inequality --- quantum mechanics --- generalized Lagrangian paths --- covariant quantum gravity --- emergent space-time --- Gaussian-like solutions --- entropy and time evolution --- resonances in quantum systems --- the Friedrichs model --- complex entropy. --- Bell’s theorem --- the causal arrow of time --- retrocausality --- superdeterminism --- toy-models --- quantum ontology --- sub-quantum dynamics --- micro-constituents --- emergent space-time --- emergent quantum gravity --- entropic gravity --- black hole thermodynamics --- Stern-Gerlach --- trajectories --- spin --- Bell theorem --- fractal geometry --- p-adic metric --- singular limit --- gravity --- conspiracy --- free will --- number theory --- quantum potential --- Feynman paths --- weak values --- Bohm theory --- no-hidden-variables theorems --- observables --- measurement problem --- Bohmian mechanics --- primitive ontology --- Retrocausation --- weak values --- Stochastic Electrodynamics --- quantum mechanics --- decoherence --- interpretations --- pilot-wave theory --- Bohmian mechanics --- Born rule statistics --- measurement problem --- quantum thermodynamics --- strong coupling --- operator thermodynamic functions --- quantum theory --- de Broglie–Bohm theory --- contextuality --- atom-surface scattering --- bohmian mechanics --- matter-wave optics --- diffraction --- vortical dynamics --- Schrödinger equation --- de Broglie–Bohm theory --- nonequilibrium thermodynamics --- zero-point field --- de Broglie–Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics --- pilot wave --- interior-boundary condition --- ultraviolet divergence --- quantum field theory --- Aharonov–Bohm effect --- physical ontology --- nomology --- interpretation --- gauge freedom --- Canonical Presentation --- relational space --- relational interpretation of quantum mechanics --- measurement problem --- non-locality --- discrete calculus --- iterant --- commutator --- diffusion constant --- Levi-Civita connection --- curvature tensor --- constraints --- Kilmister equation --- Bianchi identity --- stochastic differential equations --- Monte Carlo simulations --- Burgers equation --- Langevin equation --- fractional velocity --- interpretations of quantum mechanics --- David Bohm --- mind–body problem --- quantum holism --- fundamental irreversibility --- space-time fluctuations --- spontaneous state reduction --- Poincaré recurrence --- symplectic camel --- quantum mechanics --- Hamiltonian --- molecule interference --- matter-waves --- metrology --- magnetic deflectometry --- photochemistry --- past of the photon --- Mach–Zehnder interferometer --- Dove prism --- photon trajectory --- weak measurement --- transition probability amplitude --- atomic metastable states --- Bell’s theorem --- Bohmian mechanics --- nonlocality --- many interacting worlds --- wavefunction nodes --- bouncing oil droplets --- stochastic quantum dynamics --- de Broglie–Bohm theory --- quantum non-equilibrium --- H-theorem --- ergodicity --- ontological quantum mechanics --- objective non-signaling constraint --- quantum inaccessibility --- epistemic agent --- emergent quantum state --- self-referential dynamics --- dynamical chaos --- computational irreducibility --- undecidable dynamics --- Turing incomputability --- quantum ontology --- nonlocality --- time-symmetry --- retrocausality --- quantum causality --- conscious agent --- emergent quantum mechanics --- Bohmian mechanics --- de Broglie-Bohm theory

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The quality of drinking water is paramount for public health. Despite important improvements in the last decades, access to safe drinking water is not universal. The World Health Organization estimates that almost 10% of the population in the world do not have access to improved drinking water sources. Among other diseases, waterborne infections cause diarrhea, which kills nearly one million people every year, mostly children under 5 years of age. On the other hand, chemical pollution is a concern in high-income countries and an increasing problem in low- and middle-income countries. Exposure to chemicals in drinking water may lead to a range of chronic non-communicable diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease), adverse reproductive outcomes, and effects on children’s health (e.g., neurodevelopment), among other health effects. Although drinking water quality is regulated and monitored in many countries, increasing knowledge leads to the need for reviewing standards and guidelines on a nearly permanent basis, both for regulated and newly identified contaminants. Drinking water standards are mostly based on animal toxicity data, and more robust epidemiologic studies with accurate exposure assessment are needed. The current risk assessment paradigm dealing mostly with one-by-one chemicals dismisses the potential synergisms or interactions from exposures to mixtures of contaminants, particularly at the low-exposure range. Thus, evidence is needed on exposure and health effects of mixtures of contaminants in drinking water. Finally, water stress and water quality problems are expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change and increasing water demand by population growth, and new evidence is needed to design appropriate adaptation policies.This Special Issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) focuses on the current state of knowledge on the links between drinking water quality and human health.

Vibrio pathogens --- rural water resources --- public health --- sub-Saharan Africa --- diarrhoeal disease --- HWTS implementation --- water and sanitation --- drinking water guidance --- infant exposure --- chemical risk assessment --- duration extrapolation --- acute gastroenteritis --- risk --- tap water --- time series study --- turbidity --- urban area --- water operation data --- THMs --- cancer --- effect measure modification --- drinking water --- drinking water --- exposure assessment --- sodium --- potassium --- magnesium --- calcium --- spatial variations --- Denmark --- water safety plans --- drinking water quality --- risk management --- impact assessment --- Asia-Pacific region --- diarrhea --- fever --- cough --- Nigeria --- infant health --- drinking water --- inorganic manganese --- health-based guideline --- infants --- pharmaceuticals --- human health --- environment --- drug labels --- screening method --- LTD --- uncertainty factors --- risk assessment --- risk context --- biomonitoring --- dental health --- drinking water --- fluoride --- pharmacokinetic modeling --- waterborne disease outbreak --- simulation study --- health insurance data --- space–time detection --- drinking water --- nitrate --- cancer --- adverse reproductive outcomes --- methemoglobinemia --- thyroid disease --- endogenous nitrosation --- N-nitroso compounds --- E. coli --- monitoring --- drinking water --- water safety plan --- sanitary inspection --- gravity-fed piped water scheme --- risk management --- chlorination by-product --- France --- environmental exposure --- organic matter --- tap water --- trihalomethanes --- private wells --- groundwater --- drinking water --- animal feeding operation --- fecal coliforms --- enterococci --- E. coli --- Maryland --- nitrite --- disinfection by-product --- drinking water distribution systems --- seasonality --- atrazine --- community water system --- low birth weight --- preterm birth --- small for gestational age --- water contamination --- endocrine disruptor --- drinking water --- radioactivity --- annual effective dose --- carcinogenic --- chronic kidney disease --- end-stage renal disease --- water contaminants --- zinc --- ammonia --- chemical oxygen demand --- dissolved oxygen --- arsenic