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Psychologists studying cognitive processes and personality have increasingly benefited from the wealth of theory, methodology, and decision making paradigms used in economics and game theory. Similarly, for the economists, personality traits and basic cognitive processes offer a set of coherent explanatory constructs in economic behavior. Given the debate on preference invariance and behavioral consistency across contexts and domains, the papers in this topic shed light on the existence and effect of stable sets of idiosyncratic features on economic decision-making. While the effects of personality and cognition on economic decisions remain under-explored, the papers contributed in this topic offer more than a stimulus for further research. The general message could be that personality and cognitive processes offer the stable idiosyncratic ground on which individual decisions are made.

Personality --- Cognition --- Decision Making --- Experiments --- Behavioral Economics --- Heterogeneity --- Games

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This Research Topic covers the pathogenetic processes in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) that underpin the translation of genetic vulnerability to clinically significant symptoms. Available research data in ASD suggests that it is a neural connectivity disorder and that the social communication and related neurobehavioural symptoms result from reduced synchronization between key _social brain_ regions. These interconnected neural systems can be understood through the relationship between functionally relevant anatomic areas and neurochemical pathways, the programming of which are genetically modulated during neurodevelopment and mediated through a range of epigenetic and environmental modulators. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms can provide an invaluable window for understanding the neural wiring that regulates higher brain functions and consequent clinical phenotypes. In keeping with the multi modal and diverse origins of ASD, this Research Topic explores the genetic underpinnings and environmental modulation in the aetiology; neural substrates, biomarkers and endophenotypes that underlie clinical characteristics; as well as neurochemical pathways and pathophysiological mechanisms that pave the way for therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, since genetically mediated deficits and consequent functional impairments involve activity-dependent synapse development that depends on postnatal learning and experience, the trajectory towards the final clinical expression could be modulated by early interventions that exploit the neuronal maturation and brain plasticity. However, identifying these diverse pathogenetic processes and tailoring interventions would require subtyping ASD into homogeneous subgroups. In this regard, this topic covers the current state of evidence in the literature through topic reviews as well as ongoing original work that provides tangible hypotheses and directions for future research.

Autism Spectrum Disorder --- genotypes --- phenotypes --- neurodevelopment --- Early Intervention --- Neuroimaging --- Genetic Heterogeneity --- immune response --- subtypes --- brain plasticity

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This book examines the measurement and econometric effects of ethnic diversity. This issue is of great relevance to research and policy and is currently being discussed a great deal in the literature. In particular, a sizable literature has suggested that ethnic diversity constitutes a significant barrier to economic development. The precise measurement and interpretation of these results are a matter of substantial controversy. In this book, the dynamics of ethnic diversity are being empirically analyzed for the first time. Furthermore, it develops and applies a new measure of ethnic diversity which takes the distance between groups into account, thus focusing on diversity rather than mere fragmentation. This book convincingly confronts theoretical considerations with (new) data and thereby provides a good mix of theory and empirics, making significant contributions to the current debates.

Approaches --- Cultural heterogeneity --- Diversity --- Dynamics --- Economic --- Ethnic --- Ethno-liguistic fractionalization (ELF) --- Implications --- Kolo --- Measurement --- minorities

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single cell heterogeneity, single cell in system biology, cellular complexity, micro/nano fluidic single cell analysis, single cell cultivation, single cell perturbation, single cell cytometry, single cell manipulation, separation, detection, single cell electroporation, microinjection, optoporation, thermoporation and magnetoporation, single cell genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and fluxomics, single cell diagnostic and imaging

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This book will cover topics related to the preparation and use of heterogeneous catalytic systems for the transformation of renewable sources, as well as of materials deriving from agro-industrial wastes and by-products. At the same time, the ever-increasing importance of bioproducts, due to the acceptance and request of consumers, makes the upgrade of biomass into chemicals and materials not only an environmental issue, but also an economical advantage.

selenium --- methylselenoesters --- entosis --- anticancer agent --- hypoxia --- tumor microenvironment --- tumor heterogeneity --- cancer --- cancer stem cells --- EMT --- cell plasticity --- DNA damage and repair --- immune evasion --- HIF --- selenium --- glutathione --- malignant --- viability --- DNA damage --- ER stress --- methylselenocysteine --- seleno-l-methionine --- clear-cell renal cell carcinoma microRNAs --- hypoxia-inducible factor --- antitumor activity --- selenium-binding protein 1 --- SBP1 --- SELENBP1 --- hSP56 --- cancer --- disease --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) --- selenium --- PD-L1 --- miRNA --- VEGF --- mTOR inhibitors --- selenium species --- Se-containing nanoparticles --- anticancer --- chemotherapeutics --- epigenetics --- head and neck cancer --- selenium --- methylseleninic acid --- radiation --- lipid peroxidation --- glutathione --- tocopherol --- selenium --- isoselenourea --- melanoma --- STAT3 --- apoptosis