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Women like Jane Ashley, Amabel Hume-Campbell, Anna Maria Agar, Sarah Dawes and Mary Cotterel were all involved in pushing through parliamentary enclosure awards, while Elizabeth Prowse introduced wide-ranging agricultural improvements after the informal enclosure of the open fields at Wicken. The contributions of these women and others like them to a bundle of related practices – including parliamentary enclosure and agricultural improvement, but also non-agricultural sources of estate income – are discussed in this chapter.

women --- estate --- income

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Thomas Straubhaar and Ingrid Hohenleitner outline the model of an unconditionally granted basic income. According to the authors, it can also be financed by Germany. They see the basic income as an opportunity to sustainably restructure the state budget and make the welfare state financially viable again for future generations. They show that new jobs of up to 1.17 million full-time jobs could be created, particularly in the low-wage sector. Michael Opielka sees the Althaus model as "a kind of combination wage for all". Part of the national income would be distributed to all. With a "mixture of pragmatism and idealism", the Solidarity Citizen's Income creates on the one hand a "real" labour market, but at the same time makes part-time work worthwhile and provides secure voluntary commitment and educational phases. With the Solidarity Citizen Income, wage differentiation in the lower income bracket no longer leads to poverty. The Solidarity Citizen Income of Dieter Althaus would be an important step on the way to more social solidarity, more subsidiarity and more (social) justice. Michael Schramm comes to this conclusion. In addition, the system of social security would be placed on an economically viable footing and the labour market and entrepreneurial forces would be stimulated.

basic income --- solidarity citizen income --- unconditional basic income --- negative income tax --- welfare state --- social system --- social security --- system change --- "sociopolitical revolution"

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Having a job is not always a guarantee against poverty, for oneself and one's family. This depends on the one hand on the level of income acquired through work, on the other hand on the worker’s family situation. While a low income does not always lead to poverty in terms of consumption - if the worker’s family is able to provide additional incomes - on the contrary, an average income may not be sufficient if it is the only one in a family compose by several members. Low or intermittent work incomes, on the one hand, and high incidence of single-income families on the other hand - especially if they count several children - are among the main causes of poverty despite a work income. Above all, the second phenomenon explains why Italy is among the European countries with a relatively high percentage of poor workers on a family basis, a condition which is also the cause of a high incidence of child poverty.

poor workers --- income and poverty --- child poverty

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In economics, the voluntary sector is surprisingly understudied. In order to fully understand economics, unpaid and voluntary work needs to be taken into account and afforded the same status as paid activities. This book constitutes a rigorous economic analysis with special emphasis on gender issues and covers every conceivable angle of unpaid work and all its ramifications for the modern economy. The unified vision offered by this group of leading contributors ensures this book is a work of excellent quality. There is every chance it will become a seminal study on unpaid work and as such will provide a useful reference for students and academics involved in gender studies, econometrics, and consumption studies.

extended --- income --- equivalency --- scale --- womens --- labour --- market --- convenience --- consumption --- double

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In this volume, world-renowned contributors, including Martin Ravallion, Michael Kremer and Robert Townsend, deal with the institutional characteristics of poverty resulting from the time pattern of aid, the nature of financial systems and the political economy of budgetary decisions. Going beyond the traditional literature on poverty, this original book deals with themes of broad interest to both scholars and policymakers in a clear yet technically sophisticated manner. Departing from conventional methods employed in poverty studies, these innovative essays enquire into the institutional characteristics of poverty, and using current case studies, they examine the crucial idea that periods of crises seriously affect poverty.

trade --- liberalisation --- income --- distribution --- heavily --- indebted --- poor --- countries --- reduction --- exchange