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Book title: Elite Women and the Agricultural Landscape, 1700–1830
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Women like Jane Ashley, Amabel Hume-Campbell, Anna Maria Agar, Sarah Dawes and Mary Cotterel were all involved in pushing through parliamentary enclosure awards, while Elizabeth Prowse introduced wide-ranging agricultural improvements after the informal enclosure of the open fields at Wicken. The contributions of these women and others like them to a bundle of related practices – including parliamentary enclosure and agricultural improvement, but also non-agricultural sources of estate income – are discussed in this chapter.
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This text offers a comprehensive and nuanced view of the economic development of Spain since 1850. It provides a new set of historical GDP estimates for Spain from the demand and supply sides, and presents a reconstruction of production and expenditure series for the century prior to the introduction of modern national accounts. The author splices available national accounts sets over the period 1958–2015 through interpolation, as an alternative to conventional retropolation. The resulting national accounts series are linked to the historical estimates providing yearly series for GDP and its components since 1850. On the basis of new population estimates, the author derives GDP per head, decomposed into labour productivity and the amount of work per person, and placed into international perspective.With theoretical reasoning and historiographical implications, Prados de la Escosura provides a useful methodological reference work for anyone interested in national accounting.
economics --- productivity --- consumption --- value --- income --- expenditure
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Thomas Straubhaar and Ingrid Hohenleitner outline the model of an unconditionally granted basic income. According to the authors, it can also be financed by Germany. They see the basic income as an opportunity to sustainably restructure the state budget and make the welfare state financially viable again for future generations. They show that new jobs of up to 1.17 million full-time jobs could be created, particularly in the low-wage sector. Michael Opielka sees the Althaus model as "a kind of combination wage for all". Part of the national income would be distributed to all. With a "mixture of pragmatism and idealism", the Solidarity Citizen's Income creates on the one hand a "real" labour market, but at the same time makes part-time work worthwhile and provides secure voluntary commitment and educational phases. With the Solidarity Citizen Income, wage differentiation in the lower income bracket no longer leads to poverty. The Solidarity Citizen Income of Dieter Althaus would be an important step on the way to more social solidarity, more subsidiarity and more (social) justice. Michael Schramm comes to this conclusion. In addition, the system of social security would be placed on an economically viable footing and the labour market and entrepreneurial forces would be stimulated.
basic income --- solidarity citizen income --- unconditional basic income --- negative income tax --- welfare state --- social system --- social security --- system change --- "sociopolitical revolution"
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On weekday afternoons, dismissal bells signal not just the end of the school day but also the beginning of another important activity: the federally funded after-school programs that offer tutoring, homework help, and basic supervision to millions of American children. Nearly one in four low-income families enroll a child in an after-school program. Beyond sharpening students’ math and reading skills, these programs also have a profound impact on parents. In a surprising turn—especially given the long history of social policies that leave recipients feeling policed, distrusted, and alienated—government-funded after-school programs have quietly become powerful forces for political and civic engagement by shifting power away from bureaucrats and putting it back into the hands of parents. In State of Empowerment Carolyn Barnes uses ethnographic accounts of three organizations to reveal how interacting with government-funded after-school programs can enhance the civic and political lives of low-income citizens.
Politics --- government --- low income families --- welfare state
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Having a job is not always a guarantee against poverty, for oneself and one's family. This depends on the one hand on the level of income acquired through work, on the other hand on the worker’s family situation. While a low income does not always lead to poverty in terms of consumption - if the worker’s family is able to provide additional incomes - on the contrary, an average income may not be sufficient if it is the only one in a family compose by several members. Low or intermittent work incomes, on the one hand, and high incidence of single-income families on the other hand - especially if they count several children - are among the main causes of poverty despite a work income. Above all, the second phenomenon explains why Italy is among the European countries with a relatively high percentage of poor workers on a family basis, a condition which is also the cause of a high incidence of child poverty.
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Many people are increasingly concerned about economic inequality within their own nations, or between wealthy nations and poor ones. But is today's vast economic inequality best addressed by appeals to ethics, by altering social structures such as taxes and laws, or some combination of the two approaches? This volume brings together leading scholars from across the disciplines who believe today's extreme economic inequality threatens human flourishing and who are determined to address it using their own disciplinary tools. The broadly interdisciplinary volume incorporates contributions from fields as varied as theology, philosophy, economics, education, social work, sociology and law. Our work together illustrates how incorporating a variety of perspectives in a conversation enriches religious and ethical reflection on a significant social ill, and how quantitative and secular fields can help offer practical solutions to contemporary ethical problems.
inequality --- economic inequality --- living wage --- earned income tax credit
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In economics, the voluntary sector is surprisingly understudied. In order to fully understand economics, unpaid and voluntary work needs to be taken into account and afforded the same status as paid activities. This book constitutes a rigorous economic analysis with special emphasis on gender issues and covers every conceivable angle of unpaid work and all its ramifications for the modern economy. The unified vision offered by this group of leading contributors ensures this book is a work of excellent quality. There is every chance it will become a seminal study on unpaid work and as such will provide a useful reference for students and academics involved in gender studies, econometrics, and consumption studies.
extended --- income --- equivalency --- scale --- womens --- labour --- market --- convenience --- consumption --- double
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Building on the work carried out in the 2004 Routledge book, Tax Systems and Tax Reforms in Europe, an international team of contributors now turn their attention to the new EU member states. The book compares conditions in the new and potential EU Member states to those in the long-standing EU countries. Topics covered include: * A Comparative View of Taxation in the EU and in New Members * Tax Policy in EU New Members * Tax Policy in New Members under the Stability Pact * Tax Administration and the Black Economy. As well as investigating countries such as the Czech Republic, Estonia and the Baltics, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia, this outstanding book contains a foreword by Vito Tanzi and will be a valuable resource for postgraduates and professionals in the fields of economics, politics, finance and European studies.
personal --- income --- social --- security --- contribution --- transition --- economies --- total --- fiscal --- revenue
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In this volume, world-renowned contributors, including Martin Ravallion, Michael Kremer and Robert Townsend, deal with the institutional characteristics of poverty resulting from the time pattern of aid, the nature of financial systems and the political economy of budgetary decisions. Going beyond the traditional literature on poverty, this original book deals with themes of broad interest to both scholars and policymakers in a clear yet technically sophisticated manner. Departing from conventional methods employed in poverty studies, these innovative essays enquire into the institutional characteristics of poverty, and using current case studies, they examine the crucial idea that periods of crises seriously affect poverty.
trade --- liberalisation --- income --- distribution --- heavily --- indebted --- poor --- countries --- reduction --- exchange
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Labour / income economics --- Business studies: general --- Careers guidance
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