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There seems little doubt that from the earliest evolutionary beginnings, inhibition has been a fundamental feature of neuronal circuits - even the simplest life forms sense and interact with their environment, orienting or approaching positive stimuli while avoiding aversive stimuli. This requires internal signals that both drive and suppress behavior. Traditional descriptions of inhibition sometimes limit its role to the suppression of action potential generation. This view fails to capture the vast breadth of inhibitory function now known to exist in neural circuits. A modern perspective on inhibitory signaling comprises a multitude of mechanisms. For example, inhibition can act via a shunting mechanism to speed the membrane time constant and reduce synaptic integration time. It can act via G-protein coupled receptors to initiate second messenger cascades that influence synaptic strength. Inhibition contributes to rhythm generation and can even activate ion channels that mediate inward currents to drive action potential generation. Inhibition also appears to play a role in shaping the properties of neural circuitry over longer time scales. Experience-dependent synaptic plasticity in developing and mature neural circuits underlies behavioral memory and has been intensively studied over the past decade. At excitatory synapses, adjustments of synaptic efficacy are regulated predominantly by changes in the number and function of postsynaptic glutamate receptors. There is, however, increasing evidence for inhibitory modulation of target neuron excitability playing key roles in experience-dependent plasticity. One reason for our limited knowledge about plasticity at inhibitory synapses is that in most circuits, neurons receive convergent inputs from disparate sources. This problem can be overcome by investigating inhibitory circuits in a system with well-defined inhibitory nuclei and projections, each with a known computational function. Compared to other sensory systems, the auditory system has evolved a large number of subthalamic nuclei each devoted to processing distinct features of sound stimuli. This information once extracted is then re-assembled to form the percept the acoustic world around us. The well-understood function of many of these auditory nuclei has enhanced our understanding of inhibition's role in shaping their responses from easily distinguished inhibitory inputs. In particular, neurons devoted to processing the location of sound sources receive a complement of discrete inputs for which in vivo activity and function are well understood. Investigation of these areas has led to significant advances in understanding the development, physiology, and mechanistic underpinnings of inhibition that apply broadly to neuroscience. In this series of papers, we provide an authoritative resource for those interested in exploring the variety of inhibitory circuits and their function in auditory processing. We present original research and focused reviews touching on development, plasticity, anatomy, and evolution of inhibitory circuitry. We hope our readers will find these papers valuable and inspirational to their own research endeavors.

inhibition --- GABA --- Glycine --- Nitric Oxide --- plasticity --- Gap Junctions --- Sound Localization --- MNTB --- co-release

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The concept of "hidden payout of profit” is characteristic for tax law, but inappropriate for corporate law, although it became deep-rooted in this field by practice. Within the context of corporate law it is not only about the problem of profit payouts, but also about the protection of the so-called tied up assets of a capital company within the so-called principle of capital preservation. The purpose of the corporate legislation is to prevent inadmissible interferences of shareholders or associates in the company's assets. Unlike corporate law, the purpose of tax law is to protect (fiscal) interests of the state, primarily to protect the tax base of the company as an independent and only subject to taxation, therefore the payouts of profit don’t have an effect on the amount of the tax base, irrespective of whether the company pays out the profit in an open or hidden way. Hidden payouts of profit - as the open ones - do not reduce the tax base for income. The subject of the discussion are both aspects - the corporate aspect of hidden transfers of assets and the tax aspects of hidden transfers of assets within the law of joint-stock companies and limited liability companies.

the inhibition of the repayment of investments --- the prinicipal of capital preservation --- corporate law --- tax law --- hidden payouts of profit

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Interest in the study of life in hot environments, both with respect to the inhabiting microorganisms and the enzymes they produce, is currently very high. The biological mechanisms responsible for the resistance to high temperatures are not yet fully understood, whereas thermostability is a highly required feature for industrial applications. In this e-book, the invited authors provide diverse evidence contributing to the understanding of such mechanisms and the unlocking of the biotechnological potential of thermophiles and thermozymes.

Brevibacillus sp. OA30 --- thermophilic --- hot spring --- Algeria --- protease --- characterization --- Vallitalea guaymasensis --- hydrothermal vent --- syntrophy --- whole-genome sequence --- cellulases --- thermophiles --- metagenomics --- biotechnology --- Thermostable --- xylanase --- Geobacillus --- lignocellulosic biomass --- ethanol --- thermophilic proteins --- protein engineering --- protein stability --- evolvability --- Candida rugosa --- lipase --- kinetic --- interfacial activation --- inhibition --- dimerization --- structure --- molecular tunnels --- enzyme structure --- enzyme activity --- temperature --- thermophile --- thermophily --- enzyme thermostability --- archaea --- methylation --- pseudouridine --- RNA modification --- tRNA methyltransferase --- tRNA modification --- insertion sequence --- transposons --- transposases --- HGT --- Thermus --- thermophiles --- mobilome --- n/a

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Marine herbal medicine generally refers to the use of marine plants as original materials to develop crude drugs, or for other medical purposes. The term ‘marine plants’ usually denotes macroalgae grown between intertidal and subintertidal zones, including Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta. Considerable progress has been made in the field of biomedical research into marine microalgae and microorganisms in the past decade. As the most important source of fundamental products in the world, marine plants have a very important role in biomedical research. Furthermore, worldwide studies have consistently demonstrated that many crude drugs derived from marine plants contain novel ingredients that may benefit health or can be used in the treatment of diseases; some have been developed into health foods, and some even into drugs. It is expected that there are many substances of marine plant origin that will have medical applications in terms of improving human health and are awaiting discovery.In this Special Issue, entitled “Development and Application of Herbal Medicine of Marine Origin”, we will provide a platform for researchers to publish biomedical studies on substances of marine plant origin. We welcome submissions from scientists and academics from across the world.

prodigiosin --- marine viva --- autophage --- oral squamous cell carcinoma --- Jaspine B --- bile salts --- intestinal permeability --- bioavailability --- metabolic instability --- edible brown algae --- protein enzymatic hydrolysate --- ultrafiltration --- ACE-inhibition --- antioxidant properties --- phlorotannins --- peptide fractions --- amino acids composition --- marine functional foods --- cardiovascular-health --- Pachyclavularia --- octocoral --- cembrane --- briarane --- briarellin --- secosterol --- bioactivity --- hepatic stellate cells --- Pinnigorgia sp. --- ROS --- apoptosis --- caspase-3 --- MAPK --- sulfated galactan --- 3T3 fibroblasts --- green seaweed --- radiation pneumonitis --- lung fibrosis --- fucoidan --- cytokine --- macrophage --- neutrophil --- neolignan --- Lumnitzera racemosa --- anti-angiogenesis --- anti-inflammation --- phomaketide A --- lymphangiogenesis --- lymphatic endothelial cells --- vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Molecular Modeling in Drug Design that was published in Molecules

hyperlipidemia --- squalene synthase (SQS) --- molecular modeling --- drug discovery --- Traditional Chinese Medicine --- molecular dynamics simulation --- biophenols --- natural compounds --- amyloid fibrils --- Alzheimer’s disease --- ligand–protofiber interactions --- adhesion --- FimH --- rational drug design --- molecular dynamics --- molecular docking --- ligand binding --- EphA2-ephrin A1 --- PPI inhibition --- interaction energy --- in silico screening --- adenosine --- boron cluster --- adenosine receptors --- AR ligands --- aggregation --- promiscuous mechanism --- human ecto-5?-nucleotidase --- virtual screening --- enzymatic assays --- turbidimetry --- dynamic light scattering --- docking --- solvent effect --- binding affinity --- scoring function --- molecular dynamics --- target-focused pharmacophore modeling --- density-based clustering --- structure-based drug design --- AutoGrid --- grid maps --- probe energies --- method development --- steered molecular dynamics --- all-atom molecular dynamics simulation --- resultant dipole moment --- mechanical stability --- protein-peptide interactions --- molecular dynamics --- proteins --- molecular recognition --- protein protein interactions --- artificial intelligence --- deep learning --- neural networks --- property prediction --- quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) --- quantitative structure-property prediction (QSPR) --- de novo design --- adenosine receptor --- metadynamics --- extracellular loops --- allosterism --- molecular dynamics --- cosolvent molecular dynamics --- drug design --- fragment screening --- docking