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The collection of papers presented in this book illustrates the recent progress made in varved sediment research and highlights the large variety of methodological approaches and research directions applied. The contributions cover monitoring of modern sediment fluxes using sediment traps; geochronological and sedimentological analyses of annually laminated lacustrine sediments or varves; and multiproxy investigations, including geochemical and biological proxies as well as spatiotemporal analyses based on multicore studies supported by satellite images and X-ray computed tomography (CT). The scientific issues discuss the influences of hydrological and climatological phenomena on short-term changes in sediment flux, the relationships between biogeochemical (limnological) processes in the water column and the formation of varves, the preservation of environmental signals in varved sediments, and possibilities of synchronizing varved records with other high-resolution environmental archives such as tree rings.

varves --- lake sediments --- grain-size --- end-members --- dropstones --- snow avalanche --- X-ray CT --- varve --- sedimentation --- flux rate --- catchment dynamics --- ultra-high resolution --- environmental monitoring --- novel technology methodology --- varves --- hypoxia --- oxygen deficiency --- lake sediments --- eutrophication --- hypolimnetic hypoxia oscillations --- annually laminated lake sediments --- dating --- mast --- pollen analysis --- tree-rings --- varves --- endogenic varves --- calcite precipitation --- pollen traps --- meromixis --- freshwater GDGTs --- pigments --- long-term ecology --- environmental monitoring --- geochronology --- hypoxia --- pollen analysis --- sediment flux --- varve microfacies

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Structural mechanics is an important field of engineering. The main goal of structural mechanics is to ensure that structures are safe and durable so that catastrophic situations can be prevented, which can otherwise cause loss of life, environmental pollution and financial losses. Depending on the uses of the structure and the conditions that the structure is subjected to, special treatment may be required for the analysis. Specifically, marine structures are subjected to harsh environmental conditions due to the marine environment, which can cause several different damage mechanisms including fatigue and corrosion. This book on “Marine structures” considers a wide range of areas related to marine structures and provides a compilation of numerical and experimental studies related to “Marine structures” research.

corrosion detection --- protective device --- anti-collision assessment --- performance prediction --- steel --- coastal protection structures --- integrated numerical model --- waves --- hydrodynamics --- sediment transport --- morphology evolution --- seawater piping systems --- low-frequency sound --- acoustic metamaterials --- acoustic band gap --- high pressure --- peridynamics --- thermomechanical --- composites --- shock loads --- offshore wind --- structural control --- semi-active --- tuned mass damper --- earthquake --- jacket platform --- ice-induced vibration --- failure mechanism --- ice-resistant cone --- offshore integrated meteorological mast (OIMM) --- towing method --- towing resistance --- fairlead position --- motion response --- solitons --- free-surface flow --- depressed bottom --- viscous fluid flow --- vortical flow --- marine growth --- biofouling --- wave loading --- stochastic modeling --- reliability --- jacket structures --- vortex-induced vibration --- flexible pipe --- critical mass ratio --- cross-flow --- offshore wind turbine --- tripod support structures --- coupled analysis --- uncoupled analysis --- soil-pile-structure interaction --- superelement --- n/a

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Wind turbine aerodynamics is one of the central subjects of wind turbine technology. To reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), the size of a single wind turbine has been increased to 12 MW at present, with further increases expected in the near future. Big wind turbines and their associated wind farms have many advantages but also challenges. The typical effects are mainly related to the increase in Reynolds number and blade flexibility. This Special Issue is a collection of 21 important research works addressing the aerodynamic challenges appearing in such developments. The 21 research papers cover a wide range of problems related to wind turbine aerodynamics, which includes atmospheric turbulent flow modeling, wind turbine flow modeling, wind turbine design, wind turbine control, wind farm flow modeling in complex terrain, wind turbine noise modeling, vertical axis wind turbine, and offshore wind energy. Readers from all over the globe are expected to greatly benefit from this Special Issue collection regarding their own work and the goal of enabling the technological development of new environmentally friendly and cost-effective wind energy systems in order to reach the target of 100% energy use from renewable sources, worldwide, by 2050

H-type floating VAWT --- truss Spar floating foundation --- coupling of aerodynamics and hydrodynamics --- computational fluid dynamics --- wind farm --- complex terrain --- SCADA --- met mast measurements --- wind turbine --- simplified free vortex wake --- vortex ring --- aerodynamics --- axial steady condition --- variable pitch --- H-type VAWT --- straight blade --- DMST model --- NACA0012 --- wind energy --- power coefficient --- tip speed ratio --- wind turbine blade optimization --- computational fluid dynamic --- actuator disc --- wake effect --- Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) --- wind turbine airfoil --- dynamic stall --- boundary layer separation --- aerodynamic characteristics --- rotor blade optimization --- blade parametrization --- computational fluid dynamics --- OpenFOAM --- gradient-based --- adjoint approach --- wind turbine optimization --- low wind speed areas --- cost of energy --- particle swarm optimization --- dynamic stall --- pitch oscillation --- oscillating freestream --- rotational augmentation --- wind turbine --- turbulence --- super-statistics --- piezo-electric flow sensor --- ABL stability --- laminar-turbulent transition --- wind speed extrapolation --- atmospheric stability --- wind shear --- wind resource assessment --- wind turbine --- stall --- NREL Phase VI --- S809 airfoil --- MEXICO --- RANS --- wind turbine wakes --- turbulence --- actuator disk --- LES --- wind tunnel --- OpenFOAM --- wind turbine --- wind turbine design --- optimization --- blade length --- economic analysis --- typhoon --- wind turbine --- meso/microscale --- aerodynamic force --- mechanical performance --- thermography --- wind turbine blades --- defects --- image processing --- condition monitoring --- wind farm --- layout optimization --- design --- random search --- complex terrain --- airfoil design --- aerodynamic --- wind tunnel experiment --- VAWTs (Vertical axis wind turbines) --- computational fluid dynamics --- floating offshore wind turbine --- dynamic fluid body interaction --- semi-submersible platform --- OC5 DeepCWind --- wind turbine --- aerodynamics --- turbulent inflow --- Computational Fluid Dynamics --- blade element momentum theory --- actuator line method --- Fatigue Loads --- wind turbine noise source --- wind turbine noise propagation --- wind turbine wake --- n/a

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Development of strategies to assist the movement of poorly permeable molecules across biological barriers has long been the goal of drug delivery science. In the last three decades, there has been an exponential increase in advanced drug delivery systems that aim to address this issue. However, most proprietary delivery technologies that have progressed to clinical development are based on permeation enhancers (PEs) that have a history of safe use in man. This Special Issue entitled “Transmucosal Absorption Enhancers in the Drug Delivery Field” aims to present the current state-of-the-art in the application of PEs to improve drug absorption. Emphasis is placed on identification of novel permeation enhancers, mechanisms of barrier alteration, physicochemical properties of PEs that contribute to optimal enhancement action, new delivery models to assess PEs, studies assessing safety of PEs, approaches to assist translation of PEs into effective oral, nasal, ocular and vaginal dosage forms and combining PEs with other delivery strategies.

absorption enhancers --- sugar-based surfactants --- biocompatibility studies --- transmucosal drug delivery --- intestinal permeation enhancers --- sodium cholate (NaC) --- N-dodecyl-?-D-maltoside (DDM) --- small intestine --- enterocyte --- brush border --- tryptophan --- oral delivery --- insulin --- GLP-1 --- intestinal absorption --- amino acid --- cell-penetrating peptide --- combined microsphere --- chitosan --- cyclodextrin --- nasal delivery --- nose to brain transport --- penetration enhancer --- nasal formulation --- in vivo studies --- nose to brain delivery --- antiepileptic drug --- drug delivery --- block copolymers --- thermogel system --- chitosan derivatives --- amphiphilic polymers --- polymeric micelles --- quaternization --- curcumin --- intestinal delivery --- mucoadhesiveness --- cervicovaginal tumors --- cationic functionalization --- imatinib --- nanocrystals --- in situ hydrogel --- bioenhancer --- cytochrome P450 --- drug absorption enhancer --- efflux --- metabolism --- P-glycoprotein --- pharmacokinetic interaction --- tight junction --- Aloe vera --- gel --- whole leaf --- absorption enhancement --- Caco-2 --- confocal laser scanning microscopy --- F-actin --- FITC-dextran --- tight junctions --- transepithelial electrical resistance --- permeation enhancer --- oral delivery --- formulation --- permeability --- safety --- simulated intestinal fluid --- hydrophobization --- epithelium --- compound 48/80 --- chitosan --- nanoparticles --- mast cell activator --- vaccine adjuvant --- nasal vaccination --- absorption enhancer --- antimicrobial peptide --- Caco-2 --- claudin --- cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) --- drug delivery --- intestinal epithelial cells --- KLAL --- PN159 --- tight junction modulator --- oral macromolecule delivery --- oral peptides --- sodium caprate --- salcaprozate sodium --- epithelial permeability --- epithelial transport --- nasal permeability --- nose-to-brain --- simvastatin --- nanocapsules --- mucoadhesion --- CNS disorders --- chitosan --- nasal --- pulmonary --- drug administration --- absorption enhancers --- nanoparticle --- and liposome --- absorption enhancer --- gemini surfactant --- intestinal absorption --- poorly absorbed drug --- Caco-2 cells --- PTH 1-34 --- teriparatide --- nasal delivery --- pharmacokinetics --- osteoporosis --- man --- sheep --- clinical trial --- preclinical --- Caco-2 --- intestinal absorption --- nanomedicine --- nanoparticle --- oral delivery --- transferrin --- ocular drug delivery --- cornea --- penetration enhancers --- ocular conditions --- ophthalmology --- permeation enhancers --- absorption modifying excipients --- oral delivery --- nasal delivery --- ocular delivery --- vaginal delivery --- transmucosal permeation