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A new immobilization method for the localized adsorption of proteins on thermoplastic surfaces is introduced. Artificial three-phase interfaces were realized by surface structuring to control the wetting behavior which lead to a preferred adsorption in these modified areas. Additionally, different fabrication methods were analyzed to determine mass fabrication capabilities. These fabrication methods also allowed the production of fully structured microchannels to tune the fluids behavior within.
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The development of micro- and nanodevices for blood analysis is an interdisciplinary subject that demands the integration of several research fields, such as biotechnology, medicine, chemistry, informatics, optics, electronics, mechanics, and micro/nanotechnologies. Over the last few decades, there has been a notably fast development in the miniaturization of mechanical microdevices, later known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which combine electrical and mechanical components at a microscale level. The integration of microflow and optical components in MEMS microdevices, as well as the development of micropumps and microvalves, have promoted the interest of several research fields dealing with fluid flow and transport phenomena happening in microscale devices. Microfluidic systems have many advantages over their macroscale counterparts, offering the ability to work with small sample volumes, providing good manipulation and control of samples, decreasing reaction times, and allowing parallel operations in one single step. As a consequence, microdevices offer great potential for the development of portable and point-of-care diagnostic devices, particularly for blood analysis. Moreover, the recent progress in nanotechnology has contributed to its increasing popularity, and has expanded the areas of application of microfluidic devices, including in the manipulation and analysis of flows on the scale of DNA, proteins, and nanoparticles (nanoflows). In this Special Issue, we invited contributions (original research papers, review articles, and brief communications) that focus on the latest advances and challenges in micro- and nanodevices for diagnostics and blood analysis, micro- and nanofluidics, technologies for flow visualization, MEMS, biochips, and lab-on-a-chip devices and their application to research and industry. We hope to provide an opportunity to the engineering and biomedical community to exchange knowledge and information and to bring together researchers who are interested in the general field of MEMS and micro/nanofluidics and, especially, in its applications to biomedical areas.
cell analysis --- lens-less --- microfluidic chip --- twin-image removal --- POCT --- red blood cell (RBC) aggregation --- multiple microfluidic channels --- master molder using xurography technique --- RBC aggregation index --- modified conventional erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) method --- regression analysis --- biomicrofluidics --- red blood cells --- deformability --- velocity --- centrifugal microfluidic device --- CEA detection --- density medium --- fluorescent chemiluminescence --- multinucleated cells --- XTC-YF cells --- morphological analysis --- Y-27632 --- hydrophobic dish --- red blood cells --- Lattice–Boltzmann method --- finite element method --- immersed boundary method --- narrow rectangular microchannel --- computational biomechanics --- microfluidics --- mechanophenotyping --- cancer --- metastatic potential --- cell adhesion --- biomedical coatings --- microfabrication --- computational fluid dynamics --- microfluidics --- microfluidics --- red blood cells (RBCs) --- microfabrication --- polymers --- separation and sorting techniques --- microfluidic devices --- cell deformability --- chronic renal disease --- diabetes --- red blood cells (RBCs) --- hyperbolic microchannel --- blood on chips --- suspension --- rheology --- power-law fluid --- circular microchannel --- pressure-driven flow --- particle tracking velocimetry --- microstructure --- n/a
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The last two decades have witnessed a rapid development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) involving gas microflows in various technical fields. Gas microflows can, for example, be observed in microheat exchangers designed for chemical applications or for cooling of electronic components, in fluidic microactuators developed for active flow control purposes, in micronozzles used for the micropropulsion of nano and picosats, in microgas chromatographs, analyzers or separators, in vacuum generators and in Knudsen micropumps, as well as in some organs-on-a-chip, such as artificial lungs. These flows are rarefied due to the small MEMS dimensions, and the rarefaction can be increased by low-pressure conditions. The flows relate to the slip flow, transition or free molecular regimes and can involve monatomic or polyatomic gases and gas mixtures. Hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer are strongly impacted by rarefaction effects, and temperature-driven microflows offer new opportunities for designing original MEMS for gas pumping or separation. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on novel theoretical and numerical models or data, as well as on new experimental results and technics, for improving knowledge on heat and mass transfer in gas microflows. Papers dealing with the development of original gas MEMS are also welcome.
pressure drop --- microchannels --- heat sinks --- slip flow --- electronic cooling --- Knudsen pump --- thermally induced flow --- gas mixtures --- direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) --- microfluidic --- rarefied gas flows --- micro-scale flows --- Knudsen layer --- computational fluid dynamics (CFD) --- OpenFOAM --- Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) --- Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) --- backward facing step --- gaseous rarefaction effects --- fractal surface topography --- modified Reynolds equation --- aerodynamic effect --- bearing characteristics --- underexpansion --- Fanno flow --- flow choking --- compressibility --- binary gas mixing --- micro-mixer --- DSMC --- splitter --- mixing length --- control mixture composition --- preconcentrator --- microfluidics --- miniaturized gas chromatograph --- BTEX --- PID detector --- ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV LED) --- spectrophotometry --- UV absorption --- gas sensors --- Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) --- toluene --- hollow core waveguides --- capillary tubes --- gas mixing --- pulsed flow --- modular micromixer --- multi-stage micromixer --- modelling --- photoionization detector --- microfluidics --- microfabrication --- volatile organic compound (VOC) detection --- toluene --- supersonic microjets --- Pitot tube --- Knudsen pump --- thermal transpiration --- vacuum micropump --- rarefied gas flow --- kinetic theory --- microfabrication --- photolithography --- microfluidics --- resonant micro-electromechanical-systems (MEMS) --- micro-mirrors --- out-of-plane comb actuation --- fluid damping --- analytical solution --- FE analysis --- miniaturization --- gas flows in micro scale --- measurement and control --- integrated micro sensors --- advanced measurement technologies --- n/a
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This Special Issue presents selected papers from the 8th
microtubes --- triple-coaxial flow --- microbes --- microfluidics --- bioremediation --- crack configuration --- metal conductive track --- stretchable elastomer --- flexible electronic device --- stretchable electronic device --- ion concentration polarization --- ion depletion zone --- Nafion --- microfluidic device --- pH indicator --- fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) --- 3D shape reconstruction --- shape from silhouette --- 3D printing --- additive manufacturing --- micro-stereolithography --- transparent object --- photopolymer --- direct writing --- femtosecond laser --- reductive sintering --- thermoelectric film --- Cu-Ni alloy --- micropatterns --- printing --- artificial cochlea --- MEMS --- piezoelectric material --- outer hair cell --- tactile sensor --- proximity sensor --- slipping detection --- microcantilever --- microfluidics --- microfiber spinning --- alginate hydrogel --- fatigue --- dye-sensitized photovoltaic cells --- wearable --- blink --- sensors --- micro/nano technology --- microfabrication --- stretchability --- thermoelectric generator --- flexible device --- origami --- cellular automata --- Game of Life --- reaction-diffusion system --- self-organization --- Turing pattern model --- Young model --- ATP --- microfluidic device --- luciferin–luciferase assay --- polydimethylsiloxane --- parasitic capacitance --- ultraviolet treatment --- capacitive force sensor --- n/a
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Microfluidics-based devices play an important role in creating realistic microenvironments in which cell cultures can thrive. They can, for example, be used to monitor drug toxicity and perform medical diagnostics, and be in a static-, perfusion- or droplet-based device. They can also be used to study cell-cell, cell-matrix or cell-surface interactions. Cells can be either single cells, 3D cell cultures or co-cultures. Other organisms could include bacteria, zebra fish embryo, C. elegans, to name a few.
instrumentation --- microfluidic flow cytometry --- intracellular proteins --- absolute quantification --- cells-in-gels-in-paper --- cancer metastasis --- cell motility --- cancer stem cell --- drug resistance --- laminar flows --- paracrine signaling --- co-culture --- microfluidic device --- target cell-specific binding molecules --- screening --- adherent cells --- pneumatic microvalve --- cell homogenous dispersion structure --- bacterial concentration --- capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) --- capillary --- E. coli --- printed-circuit-board (PCB) --- microfluidics --- single-cell manipulation --- single-cell analysis --- micropipette aspiration --- microfluidics --- single-cell mechanics --- Wheatstone bridge --- cbNIPD --- fnRBC --- capture efficiency --- microfluidics --- nanostructure --- on-chip cell incubator --- periodic hydrostatic pressure --- periodic pressure --- time-lapse observation --- cell growth --- simultaneous multiple chamber observation --- microfluidics --- 3D printing --- zebrafish embryo --- embryogenesis --- sample preparation --- nucleic acid --- DNA --- RNA --- microscopy --- microfluidics --- microfabrication --- biomedical engineering --- microfluidics --- 3D flow focusing --- 3D particle focusing --- particle/cell imaging --- bioMEMS --- unsupervised learning --- neural networks --- variational inference --- n/a
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Microtechnology has changed our world since the last century, when silicon microelectronics revolutionized sensor, control and communication areas, with applications extending from domotics to automotive, and from security to biomedicine. The present century, however, is also seeing an accelerating pace of innovation in glassy materials; as an example, glass-ceramics, which successfully combine the properties of an amorphous matrix with those of micro- or nano-crystals, offer a very high flexibility of design to chemists, physicists and engineers, who can conceive and implement advanced microdevices. In a very similar way, the synthesis of glassy polymers in a very wide range of chemical structures offers unprecedented potential of applications. The contemporary availability of microfabrication technologies, such as direct laser writing or 3D printing, which add to the most common processes (deposition, lithography and etching), facilitates the development of novel or advanced microdevices based on glassy materials. Biochemical and biomedical sensors, especially with the lab-on-a-chip target, are one of the most evident proofs of the success of this material platform. Other applications have also emerged in environment, food, and chemical industries. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state-of-the-art and presenting perspectives of further development. Contributions related to the technologies, glassy materials, design and fabrication processes, characterization, and, eventually, applications are welcome.
micro-crack propagation --- severing force --- quartz glass --- micro-grinding --- microfluidics --- single-cell analysis --- polymeric microfluidic flow cytometry --- single-cell protein quantification --- glass molding process --- groove --- roughness --- filling ratio --- label-free sensor --- optofluidic microbubble resonator --- detection of small molecules --- chalcogenide glass --- infrared optics --- precision glass molding --- aspherical lens --- freeform optics --- micro/nano patterning --- 2D colloidal crystal --- soft colloidal lithography --- strain microsensor --- vectorial strain gauge --- compound glass --- microsphere --- resonator --- lasing --- sensing --- microresonator --- whispering gallery mode --- long period grating --- fiber coupling --- distributed sensing --- chemical/biological sensing --- direct metal forming --- glassy carbon micromold --- enhanced boiling heat transfer --- metallic microstructure --- microspheres --- microdevices --- glass --- polymers --- solar energy --- nuclear fusion --- thermal insulation --- sol-gel --- Ag nanoaggregates --- Yb3+ ions --- down-shifting --- photonic microdevices --- alkali cells --- MEMS vapor cells --- optical cells --- atomic spectroscopy --- microtechnology --- microfabrication --- MEMS --- microfluidic devices --- laser materials processing --- ultrafast laser micromachining --- ultrafast laser welding --- enclosed microstructures --- glass --- porous media --- fluid displacement --- spray pyrolysis technique --- dielectric materials --- luminescent materials --- photovoltaics --- frequency conversion --- device simulations --- europium --- luminescence --- hybrid materials --- microdevices --- light --- photon --- communications --- waveguides --- fibers --- biosensors --- microstructured optical fibers --- whispering gallery modes --- light localization --- optofluidics --- lab-on-a-chip --- femtosecond laser --- laser micromachining --- diffusion
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The continuous miniaturization of products and the growing complexity of their embedded multifunctionalities necessitates continuous research and development efforts regarding micro components and related micro manufacturing technologies. Highly miniaturized systems, manufactured using a wide variety of materials, have found application in key technological fields, such as healthcare devices, micro implants, mobility, communications, optics, and micro electromechanical systems. Innovations required for the high-precision manufacturing of micro components can specifically be achieved through optimizations using post-process (i.e., offline) and in-process (i.e., online) metrology of both process input and output parameters, as well as geometrical features of the produced micro parts. However, it is of critical importance to reduce the metrology and optimization efforts, since process and product quality control can represent a significant portion of the total production time in micro manufacturing. To solve this fundamental challenge, research efforts have been undertaken in order to define, investigate, implement, and validate the so-called “product/process manufacturing fingerprint” concept. The “product manufacturing fingerprint” concept refers to those unique dimensional outcomes (e.g., surface topography, form error, critical dimensions, etc.) on the produced component that, if kept under control and within specifications, ensure that the entire micro component complies to its specifications. The “process manufacturing fingerprint” is a specific process parameter or feature to be monitored and controlled, in order to maintain the manufacture of products within the specified tolerances. By integrating both product and process manufacturing fingerprint concepts, the metrology and optimization efforts are highly reduced. Therefore, the quality of the micro products increases, with an obvious improvement in production yield. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on novel methodological developments and applications in micro- and sub-micro-scale manufacturing, process monitoring and control, as well as micro and sub-micro product quality assurance. Focus will be on micro manufacturing process chains and their micro product/process fingerprint, towards full process optimization and zero-defect micro manufacturing.
micro-injection moulding --- quality assurance --- process monitoring --- micro metrology --- positioning platform --- Halbach linear motor --- commercial control hardware --- diffractive optics --- gratings --- microfabrication --- computer holography --- manufacturing signature --- process fingerprint --- Fresnel lenses --- injection compression molding --- injection molding --- micro structures replication --- confocal microscopy --- optical quality control --- uncertainty budget --- optimization --- precision injection molding --- quality control --- process monitoring --- product fingerprint --- process fingerprint --- electrical discharge machining --- electrical discharge machining (EDM) --- surface roughness --- surface integrity --- optimization --- desirability function --- satellite drop --- electrohydrodynamic jet printing --- charge relaxation time --- laser ablation --- superhydrophobic surface --- process fingerprint --- product fingerprint --- surface morphology --- artificial compound eye --- multi-spectral imaging --- lithography --- spectral splitting --- plasma-electrolytic polishing --- PeP --- surface modification --- finishing --- electro chemical machining --- ECM --- Electro sinter forging --- resistance sintering --- electrical current --- fingerprints --- electrical discharge machining --- micro drilling --- process monitoring --- quality control --- electrochemical machining (ECM) --- process control --- current monitoring --- current density --- surface roughness --- inline metrology --- haptic actuator --- impact analysis --- high strain rate effect --- damping --- 2-step analysis --- micro-grinding --- bioceramics --- materials characterisation --- dental implant --- microinjection moulding --- process fingerprints --- flow length --- quality assurance --- n/a
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Building on advances in miniaturization and soft matter, surface tension effects are a major key to the development of soft/fluidic microrobotics. Benefiting from scaling laws, surface tension and capillary effects can enable sensing, actuation, adhesion, confinement, compliance, and other structural and functional properties necessary in micro- and nanosystems. Various applications are under development: microfluidic and lab-on-chip devices, soft gripping and manipulation of particles, colloidal and interfacial assemblies, fluidic/droplet mechatronics. The capillary action is ubiquitous in drops, bubbles and menisci, opening a broad spectrum of technological solutions and scientific investigations. Identified grand challenges to the establishment of fluidic microrobotics include mastering the dynamics of capillary effects, controlling the hysteresis arising from wetting and evaporation, improving the dispensing and handling of tiny droplets, and developing a mechatronic approach for the control and programming of surface tension effects. In this Special Issue of Micromachines, we invite contributions covering all aspects of microscale engineering relying on surface tension. Particularly, we welcome contributions on fundamentals or applications related to:Drop-botics: fluidic or surface tension-based micro/nanorobotics: capillary manipulation, gripping, and actuation, sensing, folding, propulsion and bio-inspired solutions; Control of surface tension effects: surface tension gradients, active surfactants, thermocapillarity, electrowetting, elastocapillarity; Handling of droplets, bubbles and liquid bridges: dispensing, confinement, displacement, stretching, rupture, evaporation; Capillary forces: modelling, measurement, simulation; Interfacial engineering: smart liquids, surface treatments; Interfacial fluidic and capillary assembly of colloids and devices; Biological applications of surface tension, including lab-on-chip and organ-on-chip systems. We expect novel as well as review contributions on all aspects of surface tension-based micro/nanoengineering. In line with Micromachines' policy, we also invite research proposals that introduce ideas for new applications, devices, or technologies.
mist capillary self-alignment --- laser die transfer --- hydrophilic/superhydrophobic patterned surfaces --- microasssembly --- droplet transport --- microfluidics --- vibrations --- contact line oscillation --- asymmetric surfaces --- anisotropic ratchet conveyor --- surface tension --- capillary --- bearing --- wetting --- computational fluid dynamics --- droplet manipulation --- lab-on-a-chip --- microfluidics --- non-invasive control --- photochemical reaction --- photoresponsible surfactant --- surface tension --- two-phase flow --- wettability --- electrowetting --- actuation --- capillary pressure --- lab-on-a-chip --- Nasturtium leaf --- smart superhydrophobic surface --- hot drop --- condensation --- microtexture melting --- self-lubricating slippery surface --- wettability gradient --- electrosurgical scalpels --- anti-sticking --- soft tissue --- continuous-flow reactor --- mixing --- solutal Marangoni effect --- relaxation oscillations --- super-hydrophobic --- durable --- adhesion --- corrosive resistance --- droplet --- vibrations --- transport --- microfluidics --- self-cleaning surface --- superhydrophobic --- superhydrophilic --- superomniphobic --- microfluidics --- electrodynamic screen --- gecko setae --- micropipette-technique --- air-water surface --- oil-water interface --- soluble surfactant --- insoluble lipids --- “black lipid films” --- “droplet-interface-bilayers” --- equilibrium --- dynamic --- adsorption --- gas-microbubbles --- oil-microdroplets --- lung-surfactants --- nanoprecipitation --- microfluidics --- capillary gripper --- pick and place --- micromanufacturing --- two-photon polymerization --- stereolithography --- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replication --- rigid gas permeable contact lenses --- wettability --- hydrophilic --- hydrophobic --- 355 nm UV laser --- surface treatment --- microstructure --- contact angle --- droplets --- liquid bridge --- microfabrication --- micromanipulation --- pick-and-place --- soft robotics --- surface tension --- wetting
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Recent advances in microsystems technology and cell culture techniques have led to the development of organ-on-chip microdevices that produce tissue-level functionality, not possible with conventional culture models, by recapitulating natural tissue architecture and microenvironmental cues within microfluidic devices.
microfluidics --- vascularization --- organ-on-a-chip --- vascularized tumor model --- tissue engineering --- microfluidic device --- cell culture --- organ-on-chips --- lung epithelial cell --- surfactant protein --- angiogenesis --- shear stress --- biomechanics --- vessel branching --- beating force --- bio-mechanical property --- cardiac 3D tissue --- human induced pluripotent Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CM) --- tissue engineering --- vacuum chuck --- barrier permeability --- epithelial–endothelial interface --- paracellular/transcellular transport --- organ-on-chip --- MEMS --- silicon --- PDMS --- membranes --- cell --- strain --- stress --- lattice light-sheet microscopy --- 3D cell culture system --- functional neuron imaging --- 3D cell culture --- neuronal cells --- SH-SY5Y cells --- image-based screening --- nanogrooves --- neuronal cell networks --- neuronal guidance --- drug metabolism --- biomimetic oxidation --- microfluidics --- organ-on-a-chip --- liver-on-a-chip --- liver-on-a-chip --- drug hepatotoxicity --- drug metabolism --- organoid --- 3D cell culture --- spheroid array --- high-throughput screening --- drug efficacy --- organ-on-a-chip (OOC) --- microfluidic device --- mechanical cue --- shear flow --- compression --- stretch --- strain --- syringe pump --- integrated pump --- passive delivery --- organs-on-chips --- microfluidics --- drug absorption --- fluoroelastomer --- ischemia/reperfusion injury --- thrombolysis --- organ-on-a-chip --- endothelial cell activation --- microfluidics --- microfabrication --- organ-on-a-chip --- trans-epithelial electrical resistance --- multi-culture --- n/a
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Neural electrodes enable the recording and stimulation of bioelectrical activity in the nervous system. This technology provides neuroscientists with the means to probe the functionality of neural circuitry in both health and disease. In addition, neural electrodes can deliver therapeutic stimulation for the relief of debilitating symptoms associated with neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and may serve as the basis for the restoration of sensory perception through peripheral nerve and brain regions after disease or injury. Lastly, microscale neural electrodes recording signals associated with volitional movement in paralyzed individuals can be decoded for controlling external devices and prosthetic limbs or driving the stimulation of paralyzed muscles for functional movements. In spite of the promise of neural electrodes for a range of applications, chronic performance remains a goal for long-term basic science studies, as well as clinical applications. New perspectives and opportunities from fields including tissue biomechanics, materials science, and biological mechanisms of inflammation and neurodegeneration are critical to advances in neural electrode technology. This Special Issue will address the state-of-the-art knowledge and emerging opportunities for the development and demonstration of advanced neural electrodes.
neural interface --- silicon carbide --- robust microelectrode --- microelectrode array --- liquid crystal elastomer --- neuronal recordings --- neural interfacing --- micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies --- microelectromechanical systems --- neuroscientific research --- magnetic coupling --- freely-behaving --- microelectrodes --- in vivo electrophysiology --- neural interfaces --- enteric nervous system --- conscious recording --- electrode implantation --- intracranial electrodes --- foreign body reaction --- electrode degradation --- glial encapsulation --- electrode array --- microelectrodes --- neural recording --- silicon probe --- three-dimensional --- electroless plating --- intracortical implant --- microelectrodes --- stiffness --- immunohistochemistry --- immune response --- neural interface response --- neural interface --- micromachine --- neuroscience --- biocompatibility --- training --- education --- diversity --- bias --- BRAIN Initiative --- multi-disciplinary --- micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) --- n/a --- silicon neural probes --- LED chip --- thermoresistance --- temperature monitoring --- optogenetics --- microfluidic device --- chronic implantation --- gene modification --- neural recording --- neural amplifier --- microelectrode array --- intracortical --- sensor interface --- windowed integration sampling --- mixed-signal feedback --- multiplexing --- amorphous silicon carbide --- neural stimulation and recording --- insertion force --- microelectrodes --- neural interfaces --- intracortical --- microelectrodes --- shape-memory-polymer --- electrophysiology --- electrode --- artifact --- electrophysiology --- electrochemistry --- fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) --- neurotechnology --- neural interface --- neuromodulation --- neuroprosthetics --- brain-machine interfaces --- intracortical implant --- microelectrodes --- softening --- immunohistochemistry --- immune response --- neural interface --- shape memory polymer --- deep brain stimulation --- fast scan cyclic voltammetry --- dopamine --- glassy carbon electrode --- magnetic resonance imaging --- system-on-chip --- neuromodulation --- bidirectional --- closed-loop --- sciatic nerve --- vagus nerve --- precision medicine --- neural probe --- intracortical --- microelectrodes --- bio-inspired --- polymer nanocomposite --- cellulose nanocrystals --- photolithography --- Parylene C --- impedance --- Utah electrode arrays --- electrode–tissue interface --- peripheral nerves --- wireless --- implantable --- microstimulators --- neuromodulation --- peripheral nerve stimulation --- neural prostheses --- microelectrode --- neural interfaces --- dextran --- neural probe --- microfabrication --- foreign body reaction --- immunohistochemistry --- polymer --- chronic --- electrocorticography --- ECoG --- micro-electrocorticography --- µECoG --- neural electrode array --- neural interfaces --- electrophysiology --- brain–computer interface --- in vivo imaging --- tissue response --- graphene --- n/a
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