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The properties of atmospheric particles - often also termed aerosol - have been the subject of scientific studies for several decades because of their effects on air quality, health, visibility, propagation of electromagnetic radiation in the atmosphere, and climate. However, despite intense research efforts, several knowledge gaps remain to be filled; the reason being related also to the complexity of the physical and chemical characteristics of these particles and of their dynamic interactions with the surrounding environment. One of the frontier topics in this scientific endeavor is the subject of this special issue: the morphology and mixing of atmospheric aerosol at the single particle level.

Aerosol --- Mixing State --- Morphology --- Black Carbon --- Soot --- Lifecycle --- Optical Properties --- Cloud Condensation Nuclei --- Ice Nucleating Particle --- Radiative Forcing

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Ocean optics is a branch of oceanography which is firmly embedded in studies of a great variety of ocean science and engineering questions. The interactive nature between radiative transfer of light and various dissolved and particulate constituents of seawater is at the core of ocean optics science and applications. The transfer of radiant solar energy has vital implications to life and climate on Earth, and the large variety of subjects of ocean optics ranges from the subtle problems of physical optics to optical remote sensing towards a better understanding of ocean biology, biogeochemistry and ecosystems and their roles in the Earth's system processes. The intention of this book is to present a collection of papers that generally share a common denominator of frontier topics in ocean optics which are unique, uncommon or outstanding in the literature, and to provide a balanced view of the extraordinary breadth of research in this field. Topics as diverse as measurements and modeling of radiative transfer, light fields, light scattering and polarization, ocean color, benthic optical properties, and the use of optics for characterizing seawater constituents are addressed in this book. The book is expected to be of interest and useful to a broad audience of professional ocean scientists, engineers and advanced students with an interest in ocean optics and applications of optical methods in oceanography.

forward modeling --- suspended matter --- marine particles --- fractal structure --- organic carbon --- chlorophyll-a --- oceanic light field --- irradiance quartet --- apparent optical properties --- inelastic processes --- Gershun equation --- ocean euphotic zone --- phytoplankton pigments --- ocean color --- remote sensing --- MERIS --- global oceans --- light scattering --- light scattering by pure water --- light scattering by pure seawater --- anomalous properties of water --- remote-sensing reflectance --- bathymetry --- hyperspectral --- bottom mapping --- radiative transfer --- apparent optical properties --- 3D Monte Carlo numerical simulations --- downward irradiance --- upward radiance --- sea ice heterogeneity --- vertical attenuation coefficient --- melt ponds --- remote sensing --- coral reef --- sensor noise --- retrieval uncertainty --- particle dynamics --- optical properties --- suspended sediment --- phytoplankton --- PFT --- ocean colour --- satellite radiometry --- radiative transfer --- optical modelling --- vector radiative transfer --- polarization --- coupled systems --- atmosphere --- ocean --- forward modeling --- inverse problems --- marine optics --- inherent optical properties --- volume scattering function --- degree of linear polarization --- marine particles --- light scattering measurements --- LISST-VSF instrument --- ocean optics --- ocean color --- remote sensing --- radiative transfer approximation --- volume scattering function --- NASA PACE mission --- polarization --- ocean optics --- upwelling radiance distribution --- remote sensing --- remote sensing --- hyperspectral --- shallow water --- coral --- derivative --- radiative transfer --- canopy --- ocean color database --- oceanic carbon --- chromophoric dissolved organic matter --- dissolved organic carbon --- CDOM spectral slope --- ocean color remote sensing --- algorithm development --- ocean color algorithm validation --- ocean optics --- CDOM climatology --- CDOM and ENSO --- machine learning --- ocean optics --- backscattering ratio --- phytoplankton --- coated-sphere model --- bulk refractive index --- seawater component --- natural organic matter --- DOM --- FDOM --- CDOM --- Gelbstoff --- EEMS --- PARAFAC --- marine sensors --- Kallemeter --- FerryBox --- Trondheimsfjord --- Norway --- ocean optics --- light scattering --- Mueller matrix --- volume and surface integral methods

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The term “first-principles calculations” is a synonym for the numerical determination of the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, clusters, or materials from ‘first principles’, i.e., without any approximations to the underlying quantum-mechanical equations. Although numerous approximate approaches have been developed for small molecular systems since the late 1920s, it was not until the advent of the density functional theory (DFT) in the 1960s that accurate “first-principles” calculations could be conducted for crystalline materials. The rapid development of this method over the past two decades allowed it to evolve from an explanatory to a truly predictive tool. Yet, challenges remain: complex chemical compositions, variable external conditions (such as pressure), defects, or properties that rely on collective excitations—all represent computational and/or methodological bottlenecks. This Special Issue comprises a collection of papers that use DFT to tackle some of these challenges and thus highlight what can (and cannot yet) be achieved using first-principles calculations of crystals.

point defects --- formation energy --- indium arsenide --- first-principles --- charged defects --- Ir-based intermetallics --- refractory metals --- elastic properties --- ab initio calculations --- density functional theory --- van der Waals corrections --- semihard materials --- molecular crystals --- electronic properties --- optical properties --- thermoelectricity --- semiconductors --- electrical engineering --- silver --- chlorine --- learning algorithms --- crystal structure --- magnetic properties --- structure prediction --- magnetic materials --- genetic algorithm --- global optimisation --- ab initio --- DFT --- structural fingerprint --- magnetic Lennard–Jones --- Heusler alloy --- half-Heusler alloy --- high-pressure --- crystal structure prediction --- electronic structure --- battery materials --- superconductivity --- n/a

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As we all know, electrons carry both charge and spin. The processing of information in conventional electronic devices is based only on the charge of electrons. Spin electronics, or spintronics, uses the spin of electrons, as well as their charge, to process information. Metals, semiconductors, and insulators are the basic materials that constitute the components of electronic devices, and these types of materials have been transforming all aspects of society for over a century. In contrast, magnetic metals, half-metals (including zero-gap half-metals), magnetic semiconductors (including spin-gapless semiconductors), dilute magnetic semiconductors, and magnetic insulators are the materials that will form the basis for spintronic devices. This book aims to collect a range of papers on novel materials that have intriguing physical properties and numerous potential practical applications in spintronics.

Heusler alloy --- spin gapless semiconductor --- electronic structure --- spin transport --- quaternary Heusler compound --- first-principle calculations --- physical nature --- electronic property --- magnetism --- bulk CrSi2 --- monolayer CrSi2 --- first-principle --- Heusler alloy --- electronic structure --- magnetism --- doping --- Heusler alloy --- interface structure --- magnetism --- spin polarization --- first-principles method --- half-metallicity --- equiatomic quaternary Heusler compounds --- Nb (100) surface --- Mo doping --- H adsorption --- H diffusion --- first-principles calculation --- quaternary Heusler alloy --- doping --- spin polarization --- half-metallicity --- magnetism --- skyrmion --- Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction --- exchange energy --- magnetic anisotropy --- half-metallic materials --- first-principles calculations --- quaternary Heusler compound --- phase stability --- magnetic properties --- covalent hybridization --- MgBi2O6 --- optical properties --- mechanical anisotropy --- lattice dynamics --- first-principles calculations --- half-metallic material --- first principles --- Prussian blue analogue --- pressure --- n/a

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Sol–gel technology is a contemporary advancement in science that requires taking a multidisciplinary approach with regard to its various applications. This book highlights some applications of the sol–gel technology, including protective coatings, catalysts, piezoelectric devices, wave guides, lenses, high-strength ceramics, superconductors, synthesis of nanoparticles, and insulating materials. In particular, for biotechnological applications, biomolecules or the incorporation of bioactive substances into the sol–gel matrix has been extensively studied and has been a challenge for many researchers. Some sol–gel materials are widely applied in light-emitting diodes, solar cells, sensing, catalysis, integration in photovoltaic devices, and more recently in biosensing, bioimaging, or medical diagnosis; others can be considered excellent drug delivery systems. The goal of an ideal drug delivery system is the prompt delivery of a therapeutic amount of the drug to the proper site in the body, where the desired drug concentration can be maintained. The interactions between drugs and the sol–gel system can affect the release rate. In conclusion, the sol–gel synthesis method offers mixing at the molecular level and is able to improve the chemical homogeneity of the resulting composite. This opens new doors not only regarding

sol-gel method --- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis --- bioactivity --- biocompatibility --- sol–gel method --- organic-inorganic hybrids --- chlorogenic acid --- cytotoxicity --- biocompatibility --- silsesquioxanes --- thiol-ene click reaction --- in situ water production --- hydrophobic coatings --- cotton fabric --- paper --- NMR --- wettability --- sol-gel --- hollow sphere --- 1D structure --- sol-gel --- thin-disk laser --- Yb-doped glasses --- aluminosilicate glasses --- photoluminescence --- ultrasonic spray deposition --- tungsten oxide --- lithium lanthanum titanium oxide --- conformal coating --- Li-ion batteries --- sol-gel technique --- biomaterials --- cell proliferation --- cell cycle --- one transistor and one resistor (1T1R) --- organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) --- resistive random access memory (RRAM) --- sol-gel --- lithium-ion battery --- LiMnxFe(1?x)PO4 --- carbon coating --- pseudo-diffusion coefficient --- potential step voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- sol-gel --- oxyfluoride glass-ceramics --- nanocrystal --- optical properties --- sol-gel method --- SiO2–based hybrids --- poly(?-caprolactone) --- TG-DSC --- TG-FTIR --- X-ray diffraction analysis --- computer-aided design (CAD) --- mechanical analysis --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- composites --- organic–inorganic hybrid materials --- biomedical applications --- metal oxides --- multi-layer --- surface plasmon resonance --- optical sensors --- computer-aided design (CAD) --- mechanical analysis --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- composites --- hybrid materials --- biomedical applications