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This review provides an overview of all documented releases of exotic (non-European) invertebrate biological control agents (IBCAs) into the environment in Europe and summarizes key information on the target species as well as on the biological control agent released. It is an update of A Review of Biological Control in Western and Southern Europe edited by Greathead (1976) and covers the period from 1897, when the beetle Rodolia cardinalis was introduced into Portugal against the invasive cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, until the end of 2009. This review is based largely on the BIOCAT database (Greathead and Greathead 1992), which contains records of the introduction of insect natural enemies, namely parasitoids and predators, for the control of insect pests worldwide. This review may not provide the complete list of BC agents introduced into Europe. Nevertheless, the report includes a vast majority of the introductions, and hence provides a representative picture of the history of releases of exotic BC agents into the environment in Europe.

arthropods --- Icerya purchasi --- insects --- invertebrates --- Rodolia cardinalis --- arthropod pests --- biological control --- biological control agents --- databases --- insect control --- insect pests --- introduced species --- invasive alien species --- invasive species --- natural enemies --- parasites --- parasitoids --- pest control --- pests --- plant pests --- predators --- reviews --- alien invasive species --- biocontrol --- biocontrol agents --- biological control organisms --- cottony-cushion scale --- data banks --- exotic organisms --- exotic species --- introduced organisms --- invasive organisms --- invasives --- non-indigenous organisms --- non-indigenous species --- non-native organisms --- non-native species --- nonindigenous organisms --- nonindigenous species --- pest arthropods --- pest insects --- Europe --- Portugal --- Icerya --- Monophlebidae --- Coccoidea --- Sternorrhyncha --- Hemiptera --- insects --- Hexapoda --- arthropods --- invertebrates --- animals --- eukaryotes --- Community of Portuguese Language Countries --- Developed Countries --- European Union Countries --- Mediterranean Region --- OECD Countries --- Southern Europe --- Europe --- Rodolia --- Coccinellidae --- Coleoptera

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This manual aims to make information resources and technical advice available in order to support the deployment of biopesticides, which include microbials (e.g. bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses and fungi), macrobials (e.g. predatory insects, parasitoids and beneficial nematodes), botanicals, and semiochemicals. It is intended to be a one-stop shop to address the information needs of the key groups who are responsible for selecting, sourcing and using biopesticides in the tobacco production system. Chapter 2 provides information for decision makers to support selection of biopesticide active substances. It also provides guidelines for trial managers on experimental design, data collection and reporting. Chapter 3 provides guidance for sourcing biopesticides. It also includes manuals for the local production of three types of biopesticide: Trichogramma; neem [Azadirachta indica]; and fungal biopesticides such as Trichoderma. Chapter 4 presents training materials to provide an overview of biopesticides in general together with detailed information on how to work with the key biopesticides that have already been used successfully to manage key pests in tobacco.

insects --- Nicotiana --- plants --- aquatic organisms --- aquatic plants --- beneficial organisms --- biological control --- biological control agents --- botanical pesticides --- data collection --- decision making --- entomopathogens --- entomophilic nematodes --- experimental design --- handbooks --- information services --- natural enemies --- parasites --- parasitoids --- pathogens --- pest control --- pests --- plant pests --- predators --- predatory insects --- semiochemicals --- tobacco --- aquatic species --- beneficial species --- biocontrol --- biocontrol agents --- biological control organisms --- choice --- data logging --- information sources --- insect nematodes --- manuals --- nematodes --- plot design --- predaceous insects --- predacious insects --- eukaryotes --- Hexapoda --- arthropods --- invertebrates --- animals --- Solanaceae --- Solanales --- eudicots --- angiosperms --- Spermatophyta --- plants

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This open access volume presents a comprehensive account of all aspects of biological invasions in South Africa, where research has been conducted over more than three decades, and where bold initiatives have been implemented in attempts to control invasions and to reduce their ecological, economic and social effects. It covers a broad range of themes, including history, policy development and implementation, the status of invasions of animals and plants in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments, the development of a robust ecological theory around biological invasions, the effectiveness of management interventions, and scenarios for the future. The South African situation stands out because of the remarkable diversity of the country, and the wide range of problems encountered in its varied ecosystems, which has resulted in a disproportionate investment into both research and management. The South African experience holds many lessons for other parts of the world, and this book should be of immense value to researchers, students, managers, and policy-makers who deal with biological invasions and ecosystem management and conservation in most other regions.

Biodiversity --- Conservation Biology/Ecology --- Ecology --- Animal Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography --- Ecosystems --- Plant Pathology --- Freshwater and Marine Ecology --- Biological Taxonomy --- South Africa --- Terrestrial --- Vertebrate invasions --- Aquatic plants --- Freshwater ecosystems --- Invasive biota --- Prince Edward Islands --- Coastal invasions --- Pathogens --- Urban invasions --- Alien organisms --- Abiotic factors --- Agricultural crops --- Invasive insect pests --- Open Access --- Conservation of the environment --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Zoology & animal sciences --- Taxonomy & systematics --- Botany & plant sciences

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Nanomaterials possess astonishing physical and chemical properties. They play a key role in the development of novel and effective drugs, catalysts, sensors, and pesticides, to cite just a few examples. Notably, the synthesis of nanomaterials is usually achieved with chemical and physical methods needing the use of extremely toxic chemicals or high-energy inputs. To move towards more eco-friendly processes, researchers have recently focused on so-called “green synthesis”, where microbial, animal-, and plant-borne compounds can be used as cheap reducing and stabilizing agents to fabricate nanomaterials. Green synthesis routes are cheap, environmentally sustainable, and can lead to the fabrication of nano-objects with controlled sizes and shapes—two key features determining their bioactivity.

solvothermal synthesis --- CuInS2 --- TEM --- nanomaterials (NMs) --- nanostructured --- synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) --- ultrasonic dispersing (USD) --- energy density --- sample preparation --- in vitro testing --- green synthesis --- cacao --- non-cytotoxic --- Scadoxus multiflorus --- leaf --- ZnO NPs --- larvicidal --- ovicidal --- anti-fungal --- mesoporous materials --- carbon spheres --- hollow carbon spheres --- solid carbon spheres --- CVD process --- time dependence --- titanium dioxide nanoparticles --- green synthesis --- gum kondagogu --- methylene blue --- photocatalysis --- polyol-assisted fluoride ions slow-release strategy --- NaYF4 mesocrystals --- crystallographic phase control --- chitosan --- poly-L-lactic acid --- plasma --- silver nanoparticles --- antimicrobial --- hybrid nanoflowers --- lipase --- magnetic nanomaterials --- biocatalysis --- enzyme immobilization --- palladium nanoparticles --- microwave injured cells --- microwave energy --- Escherichia coli --- Desulfovibrio desulfuricans --- graphene oxide --- reduced graphene oxide --- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy --- Raman spectroscopy --- electrical conductivity --- functionalization --- self-assembly --- sponges --- ionic nanocomplexes --- polyarginine --- hyaluronic acid --- cell proliferation --- n/a --- agricultural pests --- dengue --- filariasis --- insecticides --- larvicides --- mosquito control --- stored product insects

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The global biodiversity and climate emergencies demand transformative changes to human activities. For example, food production relies on synthetic, industrial and non-sustainable products for managing pests, weeds and diseases of crops. Sustainable farming requires approaches to managing these agricultural constraints that are more environmentally benign and work with rather than against nature. Increasing pressure on synthetic products has reinvigorated efforts to identify alternative pest management options, including plant-based solutions that are environmentally benign and can be tailored to different farmers’ needs, from commercial to small holder and subsistence farming. Botanical insecticides and pesticidal plants can offer a novel, effective and more sustainable alternative to synthetic products for controlling pests, diseases and weeds. This Special Issue reviews and reports the latest developments in plant-based pesticides from identification of bioactive plant chemicals, mechanisms of activity and validation of their use in horticulture and disease vector control. Other work reports applications in rice weeds, combination biopesticides and how chemistry varies spatially and influences the effectiveness of botanicals in different locations. Three reviews assess wider questions around the potential of plant-based pest management to address the global challenges of new, invasive and established crop pests and as-yet underexploited pesticidal plants.

Senecio fistulosus --- antifeedant --- sesquiterpene --- pyrrolizidine alkaloid --- structure-activity relationships --- Tetranychus urticae --- resistance --- botanical pesticides --- acaricide --- integrated pest management --- spatial-temporal variation --- chemotype 3 --- deguelin --- rotenoids --- botanical insecticides --- synergism --- neem --- karanja --- Colorado potato beetle --- botanical insecticides --- botanical pesticide --- pesticidal plant --- pest management --- invasive species --- agro-ecological intensification --- sustainable agriculture --- encapsulation --- essential oils --- botanical active substances --- insecticidal activity --- aphids --- anise --- fennel --- oil emulsion entrapment --- spray drying --- Meliaceae --- Melia volkensii --- botanical pesticide --- limonoid --- insect pest --- antifeedant --- growth inhibitor --- induced systemic response --- foliar fertiliser --- rutin --- tryptophan --- phenylalanine --- botanicals --- biopesticide --- organic pesticide --- Y-tube olfactometer --- pyrethrum --- parasitoid --- entomopathogenic fungi --- leaf disc assay --- insect behavior --- survival analysis --- biopesticides --- botanicals --- corn --- insects --- pests --- prospects --- Italian ryegrass --- barnyard grass --- rice --- cover crops --- organic farming --- weed control --- phytotoxic activity