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This guide is intended as an aid for managers of sentinel plantings, botanical gardens or arboreta, as well as phytosanitary inspectors, who may have knowledge of common pests and diseases of woody plants, but may not know the likely cause of damage that they have not encountered before. It aims to provide a tentative identification of relatively broad groups of organisms and not definitive identification of the causal agents. Hence, the pictures in this guide need to be regarded as typical examples of the described symptoms. There are chapters that explain how to use the guide, followed by keys (for different organs of conifer and broadleaf species) to guide the user to the relevant sections of the book, based on the questions entomologists and pathologists ask themselves when looking at a damaged or diseased tree in a fashion similar to how a doctor interrogates a patient to arrive at a diagnosis. The largest part of the book is devoted to the description and illustration of damage types and typical causes of the observed damage. The last chapters provide instructions for taking and preserving samples for further identification by an expert, notification of relevant authorities, and a glossary.

arthropods --- Pinopsida --- plants --- arboreta --- arthropod pests --- botanical gardens --- broadleaves --- guide books --- injuries --- keys --- pests --- plant diseases --- plant pests --- preservation --- sampling --- symptoms --- trees --- woody plants --- botanic gardens --- broadleaved trees --- pest arthropods --- sampling techniques --- Pinophyta --- gymnosperms --- Spermatophyta --- plants --- eukaryotes --- invertebrates --- animals

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This book reports on long-term comparative organic farming systems' research trials carried out over the last 5 years in the Southern Cape of South Africa, as well as research into the successes and failures of the organic sector and the technical tools required for sustainable development in South Africa, Zambia, Uganda and Tanzania. It includes 24 chapters organized into 4 parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1-6) discusses the historical development of organic farming systems, examines the global issues which confront us, and develops some concepts showing a progression in small-scale farmer development and how this can be supported with appropriate training and policy. The difference between national food self-sufficiency and household food security is examined, and the organic sector is introduced. Part 2 (Chapters 7-14) deals with capacity building and climate change. Holistic systems, inclusive participatory approaches, institution building and experiential learning are examined. Organic food production, farmer training, value chains, impact of drought on food prices and food availability, and urban water and energy use efficiency are described. Part 3 (Chapters 15-22) presents evidence on how to support organic farmers. It starts with 2 case studies on the well-developed organic sector in Uganda and the developing one in Zambia. The following chapters discuss soil carbon determination, comparison of organic and conventional farming systems, pest and disease control (e.g., chemical, holistic and biological control), soil fumigation, soil microbiology in organic and conventional systems, soil fertility changes and crop yield. Part 4 (Chapters 23-24) makes strategic suggestions about how to upscale organic farming and organic food systems in Southern Africa. This book is a vital resource for all stakeholders in organic agriculture.

organic foods --- pathogens --- pest control --- pesticides --- pests --- plant disease control --- plant diseases --- plant pathogens --- plant pests --- self sufficiency --- soil --- soil fertility --- soil flora --- soil fumigation --- sustainability --- training --- value chain --- water supply --- water use --- water use efficiency --- agricultural systems --- biocontrol --- capacity building --- climatic change --- eco-agriculture --- ecological agriculture --- energy use --- energy utilization --- integrated plant protection --- organic culture --- phytopathogens --- subsaharan Africa --- Tanganyika --- water supplies --- South Africa --- Southern Africa --- Tanzania --- Uganda --- Zambia --- Homo --- Hominidae --- primates --- mammals --- vertebrates --- Chordata --- animals --- eukaryotes --- Anglophone Africa --- Africa --- Commonwealth of Nations --- Developing Countries --- Southern Africa --- Africa South of Sahara --- Threshold Countries --- ACP Countries --- East Africa --- Least Developed Countries --- SADC Countries

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This proceedings contains papers dealing with issues affecting biological control, particularly pertaining to the use of parasitoids and predators as biological control agents. This includes all approaches to biological control: conservation, augmentation, and importation of natural enemy species for the control of arthropod targets, as well as other transversal issues related to its implementation. It has 14 sessions addressing the most relevant and current topics in the field of biological control of arthropods: (i) Accidental introductions of biocontrol agens: positive and negative aspects; (ii) The importance of pre and post release genetics in biological control; (iii) How well do we understand non-target impacts in arthropod biological control; (iv) Regulation and access and benefit sharing policies relevant for classical biological control approaches; (v) The role of native and alien natural enemy diversity in biological control; (vi) Frontiers in forest insect control; (vii) Biocontrol marketplace I; (viii) Weed and arthropod biological control: mutual benefits and challenges; (ix) Maximizing opportunities for biological control in Asia's rapidly changing agro-environments; (x) Biological control based integrated pest management: does it work?; (xi) Exploring the compatibility of arthropod biological control and pesticides: models and data; (xii) Successes and uptake of arthropod biological control in developing countries; (xiii) Socio-economic impacts of biological control; (xiv) Biocontrol marketplace II.

arthropods, insects, plants --- arthropod pests, augmentation, biological control, biological control agents, chemical control, compatibility, economic impact, forest pests, genetic analysis, genetic diversity, genetic variation, importation, insect control, insect pests, integrated control, integrated pest management, introduced species, introduction, native species, natural enemies, nontarget effects, parasites, parasitoids, pest control, pesticides, pests, plant pests, policy, predators, regulations, simulation models, social impact, socioeconomics, species diversity, weed control, weeds --- biocontrol, biocontrol agents, biological control organisms, exotic organisms, exotic species, genetic variability, genotypic variability, genotypic variation, integrated plant protection, introduced organisms, IPM, non-indigenous organisms, non-indigenous species, non-native organisms, non-native species, nonindigenous organisms, nonindigenous species, pest arthropods, pest insects, rules, socioeconomic aspects, Third World, Underdeveloped Countries --- Asia, Developing Countries --- invertebrates, animals, eukaryotes, Hexapoda, arthropods