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In the last decades, there has been increasing interest in Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA) and asbestos containing materials (ACMs) as a source of possible environmental risk. A crucial theme of interest related to environmental pollution is the enhanced mobilization of asbestos minerals affecting soils and rocks due to human activities (e.g., road construction, mining activity) in comparison with natural weathering processes. The volume has aimed to gather contributions and to compare results derived from various experiences of research groups regarding NOA minerals as a source of possible environmental risks for population. Case studies from various geological contexts are presented. Moreover, contributions presenting novel and classical approaches for ACM inertization and recycling, together with possible solutions for reducing asbestos exposure, has been also presented.
asbestos-containing materials --- recycling --- thermal treatment --- melting process --- aggregates --- serpentine varieties --- naturally occurring asbestos --- health hazard --- serpentinite soil --- asbestos’ minerals --- edenite --- serpentinites --- Southern Italy --- rhino white marble of Namibia --- tremolite --- fibrous habitus --- health hazard --- texture --- naturally occurring asbestos --- morphology --- cleavage fragments --- asbestiform and fibrous minerals --- environmental monitoring --- naturally occurring asbestos --- serpentinites --- polymorphs --- health hazard --- XRD --- SEM --- IR --- RD-UV-Vis spectroscopy --- chrysotile --- antigorite --- lizardite characterization --- tremolite --- Naturally Occurring Asbestos (NOA) --- asbestos --- grinding test --- PCOM --- image analysis --- n/a
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In this book we have collected a series of state-of-the art papers written by specialists in the field of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) to address key questions concerning the synthesis, properties, and applications of ILCs. New compounds exhibiting ionic liquid crystalline phases are presented, both of calamitic as well as discotic type. Their dynamic and structural properties have been investigated with a series of experimental techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance, impedance spectroscopy to mention but a few. Moreover, computer simulations using both fully atomistic and highly coarse-grained force fields have been presented, offering an invaluable microscopic view of the structure and dynamics of these fascinating materials.
ionic liquids --- liquid crystals --- ionic liquid crystals --- molecular dynamics --- ionic liquids --- liquid crystals --- ionic liquid crystals --- molecular orientational order --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- ionic liquid --- phase behavior --- crystal polymorphs --- ionic liquid crystal --- liquid crystals --- ionic liquid crystals --- ionic liquids --- imidazolium --- thiazolium --- mesophases --- liquid crystals --- columnar --- discotic --- crown ether --- electron transport --- ion transport --- ion channels --- impedance spectroscopy --- photoconductivity --- X-ray diffraction --- salt effect --- viologens --- 4-n-alkylbenzenesulfonic acids --- metathesis reaction --- ionic liquid crystals --- thermotropic --- smectic phase A --- differential scanning calorimetry --- polarizing optical microscopy --- thermogravimetric analysis --- liquid crystal --- alignment layer --- residual DC --- Ag nano-particles doping --- n/a
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Reactions at mineral surfaces are central to all geochemical processes. As minerals comprise the rocks of the Earth, the processes occurring at the mineral–aqueous fluid interface control the evolution of the rocks and hence the structure of the crust of the Earth during processes such as metamorphism, metasomatism, and weathering. In recent years focus has been concentrated on mineral surface reactions made possible through the development of advanced analytical methods such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), advanced electron microscopies (SEM and TEM), phase shift interferometry, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and advanced synchrotron-based applications, to enable mineral surfaces to be imaged and analyzed at the nanoscale. Experiments are increasingly complemented by molecular simulations to confirm or predict the results of these studies. This has enabled new and exciting possibilities to elucidate the mechanisms that govern mineral–fluid reactions. In this Special Issue, “Mineral Surface Reactions at the Nanoscale”, we present 12 contributions that highlight the role and importance of mineral surfaces in varying fields of research.
Raman spectroscopy --- mineralogy --- replacement reaction --- isotopes --- additives --- biomineralisation --- classical nucleation theory --- interfaces --- liquid precursors --- minerals --- mesocrystals --- non-classical nucleation --- pre-nucleation clusters --- polymorphs --- interfacial precipitation --- phosphate --- hematite --- goethite --- dissolution-precipitation --- citrate --- carbonation --- wollastonite --- catalysts --- carbonic anhydrase --- MOFs --- carbon capture and storage --- albite --- amorphous --- analcime --- dissolution–precipitation --- hydrothermal experiments --- metasomatism --- nepheline --- sodalite --- calcite --- surface --- kinetics --- rate spectra --- retreat velocity --- dissolution --- bioaragonite --- apatite --- microstructure --- dissolution-reprecipitation --- mineral replacement --- brushite --- mineral growth --- calcium phosphate --- adsorption --- simulation --- metadynamics --- dissolution–precipitation --- toxic metals --- brucite --- mineral–water interface --- ferrihydrite --- recrystallization --- REEs --- stabilization --- Fe atom exchange --- leaching --- cyanide --- pyrite --- polarization microscopy --- XPS --- surface --- re-adsorption --- gold–(silver) tellurides --- natural porous gold --- interface-coupled dissolution–reprecipitation --- hydrothermal method --- calaverite --- krennerite --- sylvanite --- n/a
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