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The papers reported here will contribute to proposing new insights into the mechanisms of several conditions, as well as suggesting new diagnostic alternatives and therapeutic targets in widespread pathologies such inflammation and inflammatory-based diseases. The discovery of the new is, as always, anchored in recourse to the old.

nuciferine --- inflammation --- PPARs --- IL-6 --- TNF-? --- inflammation --- iso-?-acids --- microglia --- tau --- tauopathy --- acute lung injury --- Portulaca oleracea --- inflammation --- inflammation --- nitric oxide --- macrophage --- NF-?B --- lupane-type triterpene --- black tea polyphenol --- depression --- inflammation --- memory --- microglia --- neuroprotection --- theaflavins --- cytokines --- resveratrol --- endometriosis --- anti-inflammatory --- inflammatory disease --- lipopolysaccharide --- solid lipid nanoparticle --- curcumin --- antineuroinflammation --- toxicity --- SEM --- inflammation --- short-term high-fat diet --- juçara --- nutraceutical food --- liver --- adipose tissue --- Alnus sibirica --- oregonin --- hirsutanonol --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- antioxidant --- anti-inflammatory --- Tagetes patula L. --- chronic nonbacterial prostatitis --- metabolomics --- energy metabolism --- network pharmacology --- ammonium glycyrrhizinate --- docking --- long-lasting effect --- nociception --- inflammation --- Nardostachys chinensis --- nardochinoid B --- nitric oxide --- inducible nitric oxide synthase --- heme oxygenase-1

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Oral health is general health. If the oral cavity is kept healthy, the whole body is always healthy. Bacteria in the oral cavity do not stay in the oral cavity, but rather they travel throughout the body and can induce various diseases. Periodontal pathogens are involved in tooth loss. The number of remaining teeth decreases with age. People with more residual teeth can bite food well and live longer with lower incidence of dementia. There are many viruses in the oral cavity that also cause various diseases. Bacteria and viruses induce and aggravate inflammation, and therefore should be removed from the oral cavity. In the natural world, there are are many as yet undiscovered antiviral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory substances. These natural substances, as well as chemically modified derivatives, help our oral health and lead us to more fulfilling, high quality lives. This Special Issue, entitled “Biological Efficacy of Natural and Chemically Modified Products against Oral Inflammatory Lesions”, was written by specialists from a diverse variety of fields. It serves to provide readers with up-to-date information on incidence rates in each age group, etiology and treatment of stomatitis, and to investigate the application of such treatments as oral care and cosmetic materials.

metabolomics --- oral cell --- benzaldehyde --- eugenol --- inflammation --- cytotoxicity --- stomatitis --- recurrent aphthous stomatitis --- oral lichen planus --- CCN2 --- glucocorticoids --- alkaloids --- anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) --- antiviral --- natural product --- human virus --- inflammatory disease --- stomatitis --- periodontitis --- anti-osteoclast activity --- cepharanthin --- herbal medicine --- natural product --- arachidonic acid cascade --- allergic rhinitis --- mice --- quercetin --- thioredoxin --- nasal epithelial cell --- production --- increase --- in vitro --- in vivo --- nutritionally variant streptococci --- antimicrobial susceptibilities --- oral microbiota --- infective endocarditis --- kampo formula --- traditional Japanese herbal medicine --- stomatitis --- mucositis --- Hangeshashinto --- polyphenol --- chromone --- lignin-carbohydrate complex --- alkaline extract --- Kampo medicine --- glucosyltransferase --- angiotensin II blocker --- QSAR analysis --- oral diseases --- dental application --- Chinese herbal remedies --- stomatitis --- periodontitis --- Kampo --- traditional medicine --- Jixueteng --- Juzentaihoto --- technical terms --- gargle --- tongue diagnosis --- mastic --- pathogenic factors --- quantitative structure-activity relationship --- machine learning --- random forest --- natural products --- tumour-specificity --- Kampo medicine --- constituent plant extract --- stomatitis --- oral inflammation --- quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis --- metabolomics

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Antioxidative polyphenols represented by tannins and flavonoids are rich in numerous food sources and traditional natural medicines and currently attracting increased attention in health care and food industries because of their multiple biological activities that are favorable to human health. Commemorating the outstanding achievements on tannins by Dr. Takuo Okuda on the occasion of his passing away in December 2016, his colleagues, friends, and worldwide experts of polyphenol research have contributed 18 papers on their recent study to the Special Issue of Molecules. This book is its reprinted form. This covers reviews of structural features, historical usages, and biological activities of unique class of ellagitannins and condensed tannins, and original articles on the most up-to-date findings on the anticancer effect of green tea catechins, the antivirus effect of tannins comparing with the clinically used drugs, the analytical method of ellagitannins using quantitative NMR, the chemical structures of Hydrangea-blue complex (pigment) and condensed tannins in Ephedra sinica and purple prairie clover, and the relationship of condensed tannins in legumes and grape-marc with methane production in the in vitro ruminant system, and others. This book will be useful to natural product chemists and also to researchers in pharmaceutical and/or food industry.

Dittrichia viscosa --- antifungal activities --- Candida spp. --- Malassezia spp. --- Microsporum canis --- Aspergillus fumigates --- Ephedra sinica --- proanthocyanidin --- oligomer --- thiolysis --- phloroglucinolysis --- TDDFT --- ECD --- neuraminidase --- inhibition --- tannins --- oseltamivir carboxylate --- zanamivir --- crystal structure --- molecular interactions --- oenothein B --- ellagitannin --- macrocyclic oligomer --- Onagraceae --- Myrtaceae --- Lythraceae --- antioxidants --- antitumor effect --- immunomodulatory effect --- anti-inflammation --- tannin composition --- purple prairie clover --- conservation method --- protein precipitation --- Escherichia coli --- Cynanchum wilfordii --- phenolic glycoside --- 2-O-?-laminaribiosyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone --- cynandione A --- thin layer chromatography --- Cynanchum auriculatum --- Acacia mearnsii bark --- wattle tannin --- proanthocyanidins --- biological activities --- tannins --- vegetable tanning --- European historic leathers --- colorimetric tests --- spectroscopy --- UV-Vis --- FTIR --- triple-negative breast cancer --- fatty acid synthase --- FASN inhibition --- polyphenolic FASN inhibitors --- (?)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate --- synthetic analogues --- apoptosis --- anticancer activity --- 1H-NMR --- quantitative NMR --- ellagitannin --- Geranium thunbergii --- geraniin --- Aluminum ion --- blue color development --- 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid --- 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin --- Hydrangea macrophylla --- ESI-mass --- metal complex --- Coreopsis lanceolata L. --- chalcone --- flavanone --- flavonol --- aurone --- Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction --- condensed tannin --- bioactivity --- methanogenesis --- grape marc --- fatty acids --- in vitro batch fermentation --- neuroprotection --- PC12 --- NGF --- differentiation --- amyloid-? peptide --- taxanes --- hormesis --- polyphenol --- bamboo leaf extract --- overlay method --- ellagitannin --- structure --- revision --- (?)-epigallocatechin gallate --- immune checkpoint --- interferon-? --- epidermal growth factor --- lung tumor --- proanthocyanidins --- condensed tannins --- thiolysis --- NMR spectroscopy --- ultrahigh-resolution negative mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- antioxidant --- ORAC assay --- Acacia --- forage legume --- Trapa taiwanensis Nakai --- hydrolysable tannin --- stability --- gallotannin --- ellagitannin

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Polyamines are ubiquitous polycations essential for all cellular life. The most common polyamines in eukaryotes, spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, exist in millimolar intracellular concentrations that are tightly regulated through biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. Polyamines interact with, and regulate, negatively charged macromolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and ion channels. Accordingly, alterations in polyamine metabolism affect cellular proliferation and survival through changes in gene expression and transcription, translation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of these multifaceted polyamine functions contribute to multiple disease processes, thus their metabolism and function have been targeted for preventive or therapeutic intervention. The correlation between elevated polyamine levels and cancer is well established, and ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme in the production of putrescine, is a bona fide transcriptional target of the Myc oncogene. Furthermore, induced polyamine catabolism contributes to carcinogenesis that is associated with certain forms of chronic infection and/or inflammation through the production of reactive oxygen species. These and other characteristics specific to cancer cells have led to the development of polyamine-based agents and inhibitors aimed at exploiting the polyamine metabolic pathway for chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive benefit. In addition to cancer, polyamines are involved in the pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, parasitic and infectious diseases, wound healing, ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and certain age-related conditions, as polyamines are known to decrease with age. As in cancer, polyamine-based therapies for these conditions are an area of active investigation. With recent advances in immunotherapy, interest has increased regarding polyamine-associated modulation of immune responses, as well as potential immunoregulation of polyamine metabolism, the results of which could have relevance to multiple disease processes. The goal of this Special Issue of Medical Sciences is to present the most recent advances in polyamine research as it relates to health, disease, and/or therapy.

polyamine transport inhibitor --- Drosophila imaginal discs --- difluoromethylorthinine --- DFMO --- polyamine --- cancer --- metabolism --- difluoromethylornithine --- polyamine transport inhibitor --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- curcumin --- diferuloylmethane --- ornithine decarboxylase --- polyamine --- NF-?B --- chemoprevention --- carcinogenesis --- polyphenol --- ornithine decarboxylase --- polyamines --- untranslated region --- polyamines --- ?-difluoromethylornithine --- polyamine transport system --- melanoma --- mutant BRAF --- spermine --- spermidine --- putrescine --- polyamine metabolism --- mast cells --- eosinophils --- neutrophils --- M2 macrophages --- airway smooth muscle cells --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- polyamines --- pneumococcal pneumonia --- proteomics --- capsule --- complementation --- metabolism --- cadaverine --- polyamines --- ornithine decarboxylase --- difluoromethylornithine --- eflornithine --- DFMO --- African sleeping sickness --- hirsutism --- colorectal cancer --- neuroblastoma --- aging --- atrophy --- autophagy --- oxidative stress --- polyamines --- skeletal muscle --- spermidine --- spermine oxidase --- transgenic mouse --- immunity --- T-lymphocytes --- B-lymphocytes --- tumor immunity --- metabolism --- epigenetics --- autoimmunity --- polyamines --- ornithine decarboxylase --- polyamine analogs --- spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase --- spermine oxidase --- bis(ethyl)polyamine analogs --- breast cancer --- MCF-7 cells --- transgenic mice --- polyamines --- MYC --- protein synthesis in cancer --- neuroblastoma --- protein expression --- antizyme 1 --- ornithine decarboxylase --- CRISPR --- human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) --- cell differentiation --- DFMO --- ornithine decarboxylase --- osteosarcoma --- polyamines --- polyamines --- polyamine metabolism --- antizyme --- antizyme inhibitors --- ornithine decarboxylase --- Snyder-Robinson Syndrome --- spermine synthase --- X-linked intellectual disability --- polyamine transport --- spermidine --- spermine --- transglutaminase

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Advancements in high-throughput “Omics” techniques have revolutionized plant molecular biology research. Proteomics offers one of the best options for the functional analysis of translated regions of the genome, generating a wealth of detailed information regarding the intrinsic mechanisms of plant stress responses. Various proteomic approaches are being exploited extensively for elucidating master regulator proteins which play key roles in stress perception and signaling, and these approaches largely involve gel-based and gel-free techniques, including both label-based and label-free protein quantification. Furthermore, post-translational modifications, subcellular localization, and protein–protein interactions provide deeper insight into protein molecular function. Their diverse applications contribute to the revelation of new insights into plant molecular responses to various biotic and abiotic stressors.

Phalaenopsis --- petal --- pollination --- senescence --- 2-DE --- ROS --- Medicago sativa --- leaf cell wall proteome --- cadmium --- quantitative proteomics --- 2D DIGE --- chloroplast --- elevated CO2 --- heat stress --- nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase --- (phospho)-proteomics --- photosynthesis --- protein phosphorylation --- 14-3-3 proteins --- Oryza sativa L. --- starch --- sucrose --- N utilization efficiency --- proteomics --- 2D --- protein phosphatase --- rice isogenic line --- SnRK1 --- 14-3-3 --- lettuce --- bolting --- proteome --- high temperature --- iTRAQ --- proteome profiling --- iTRAQ --- differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) --- drought stress --- physiological responses --- Zea mays L. --- GS3 --- ? subunit --- heterotrimeric G protein --- mass spectrometric analysis --- RGG3 --- rice --- western blotting --- Dn1-1 --- ?-subunit --- heterotrimeric G protein --- mass spectrometry analysis --- RGG4 --- rice --- western blotting --- Clematis terniflora DC. --- polyphenol oxidase --- virus induced gene silencing --- photosynthesis --- glycolysis --- Camellia sinensis --- chlorotic mutation --- chlorophyll deficiency --- weakening of carbon metabolism --- iTRAQ --- proteomics --- degradome --- wheat --- cultivar --- protease --- papain-like cysteine protease (PLCP) --- subtilase --- metacaspase --- caspase-like --- wheat leaf rust --- Puccinia recondita --- Stagonospora nodorum --- iTRAQ --- proteomics --- somatic embryogenesis --- pyruvate biosynthesis --- Zea mays --- chlorophylls --- LC-MS-based proteomics --- pea (Pisum sativum L.) --- proteome functional annotation --- proteome map --- seeds --- seed proteomics --- late blight disease --- potato proteomics --- Phytophthora infestans --- Sarpo Mira --- early and late disease stages --- Simmondsia chinensis --- cold stress --- proteomics --- leaf --- iTRAQ --- Ricinus communis L. --- cold stress --- seed imbibition --- iTRAQ --- proteomics --- Morus --- organ --- gel-free/label-free proteomics --- flavonoid --- antioxidant activity --- phosphoproteome --- barley --- seed dormancy --- germination --- imbibition --- after-ripening --- sugarcane --- Sporisorium scitamineum --- smut --- proteomics --- RT-qPCR --- ISR --- holm oak --- Quercus ilex --- 2-DE proteomics --- shotgun proteomics --- non-orthodox seed --- population variability --- stresses responses --- ammonium --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- carbon metabolism --- nitrogen metabolism --- nitrate --- proteomics --- root --- secondary metabolism --- proteomics --- wheat --- silver nanoparticles --- plant pathogenesis responses --- data-independent acquisition --- quantitative proteomics --- Pseudomonas syringae --- sweet potato plants infected by SPFMV --- SPV2 and SPVG --- sweet potato plants non-infected by SPFMV --- SPV2 and SPVG --- co-infection --- transcriptome profiling --- gene ontology --- pathway analysis --- lesion mimic mutant --- leaf spot --- phenylpropanoid biosynthesis --- proteomics --- isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) --- rice --- affinity chromatography --- ergosterol --- fungal perception --- innate immunity --- pattern recognition receptors --- plasma membrane --- proteomics --- proteomics --- maize --- plant-derived smoke --- shoot --- Solanum tuberosum --- patatin --- seed storage proteins --- vegetative storage proteins --- tuber phosphoproteome --- targeted two-dimensional electrophoresis --- B. acuminata petals --- MALDI-TOF/TOF --- GC-TOF-MS --- qRT-PCR --- differential proteins --- n/a