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Over the past two decades, there has been increased attention in the research of nanofluid due to its widely expanded domain in many industrial and technological applications. Major advances in the modeling of key topics such as nanofluid, MHD, heat transfer, convection, porous media, Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids have been made and finally published in the special issue on recent developments in nanofluids for Applied Sciences. The present attempt is to edit the special issue in a book form. Although, this book is not a formal textbook even than it will definitely be useful for research students and university teachers in overcoming the difficulties occurring in the said topic while dealing with the nonlinear governing equations. On one side the real world problems in mathematics, physics, biomechanics, engineering and other disciplines of sciences are mostly described by the set of nonlinear equations whereas on the other hand, it is often more difficult to get an analytic solution or even a numerical one. This book has successfully handled this challenging job with latest techniques. In addition the findings of the simulation are logically realistic and meet the standard of sufficient scientific value.

Nanofluid flows --- heat transfer --- convection --- thermal effects --- thermal radiations --- magnetohydrodynamics --- viscous fluids --- neural network --- slip --- porosity --- numerical and analytical techniques

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phosphonic acid --- carboxylic acid --- dye --- p-type --- dye-sensitized solar cell --- anchor --- solar energy conversion --- nickel(II) oxide --- phosphonate ester --- zinc(II) --- 2,2?:6?,2?-terpyridine --- crystal structure --- metal phosphonates and phosphinates --- layered materials --- metal–organic frameworks --- synthesis --- X-ray and electron diffraction --- in situ characterisation --- heterogeneous catalysis --- gas sorption/separation --- proton conduction --- rechargeable batteries --- drug delivery --- coordination polymers --- diphosphinate --- copper --- MOF --- mechanochemistry --- metal phosphonate --- ionic compounds --- phosphonic acids --- organic salts --- coordination polymer --- Cerium --- defects --- amorphous --- porosity --- electron diffraction tomography --- solid state NMR --- n/a

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The need for energy is increasing and but the production from conventional reservoirs is declining quickly. This requires an economically and technically feasible source of energy for the coming years. Among some alternative future energy solutions, the most reasonable source is from unconventional reservoirs. As the name “unconventional” implies, different and challenging approaches are required to characterize and develop these resources. This Special Issue covers some of the technical challenges for developing unconventional energy sources from shale gas/oil, tight gas sand, and coalbed methane.

CO2 huff-n-puff --- condensate recovery --- shale gas condensate reservoir --- fractured tight reservoir --- stress-dependent permeability --- fracture penetration extent --- theoretical model --- shale gas --- multi-stage fracturing horizontal wells --- well interference --- transient pressure --- numerical analysis --- shale gas --- methane adsorption capacity --- Langmuir volume --- Langmuir pressure --- total organic carbon --- clay content --- coal rank --- petrophysical properties --- coalbed methane --- adsorption capacity --- Niutitang formation --- TOC recovery --- organic pores --- porosity --- pore structure --- unconventional reservoirs --- gravel pack --- sand control --- gradation optimization --- visual experiment --- coal measure gases (coalbed gas --- shale gas --- and tight sand gas) --- co-exploitation --- wellbore stability --- wettability --- zeta potential --- drilling fluid --- adsorption and desorption isotherms --- sorption hysteresis --- medium volatile bituminous coal --- equation of state --- NIST-Refprop --- gas compressibility factors --- original gas in-place --- gas shale --- NMR --- helium porosimetry --- clay bound water --- porosity --- pore size distribution --- low-pressure gas adsorption --- MICP --- tight gas reservoirs --- Klinkenberg slippage theory --- high pressure and low flowrate --- gas permeability measurement --- adsorption --- unconventional reservoirs --- pulse decay test --- unsteady state non-equilibrium sorption --- pseudo-steady-state non-equilibrium sorption --- equilibrium sorption --- capillary number --- initial water saturation --- capillary trapping --- residual gas distribution --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- ultra-deep well --- shock loads --- perforated string --- safety analysis --- optimization measures --- convolutional neural network --- well testing --- tight reservoirs --- pressure derivative --- automatic classification --- air flooding --- catalyst-activated low temperature oxidation --- oxidation reaction pathway --- catalytic oxidation characteristics --- Changqing tight oil --- organic-rich shale --- gas adsorption and desorption --- sorption hysteresis --- Langmuir model --- compositional 3D --- dual-porosity system --- total organic carbon (TOC) --- Computer Modelling Group (CMG) --- GEM® --- coalbed methane --- gas content --- diffusion coefficient --- reservoir simulation --- deepwater well --- perforation safety --- peak pressure --- numerical model --- orthogonal test --- limestone and calcareous mudstone interbedding --- gas content --- source-mixed gas --- fractures --- northern Guizhou --- water imbibition --- oil migration --- tight oil reservoirs --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- semi-analytical model --- reorientation fractures --- horizontal well --- tight reservoir --- flow behavior --- tight gas sand --- unconventional --- porosity–permeability --- hydraulic flow units --- electrical resistivity --- NMR --- micro-CT image --- petrophysics --- petrography --- carbon dioxide sequestration --- caprock integrity --- shale alteration --- rock-water-CO2 interaction --- lab tests under reservoir condition --- fractured-vuggy reservoirs --- physical model --- water flooding effect --- injection and production pattern --- gravity differentiation --- flow channel

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Rapid establishment of seedlings in forest regeneration or afforestation sites after planting is a prerequisite for a successful reforestation. Seedling survival after outplanting can be improved by using high-quality seedling material. Seedling quality consists of several features, such as genetic source, morphological properties, nutritional status, stress resistance, and vitality of the seedlings. Field performance of the seedlings is a complex process which can be affected by many nursery and silvicultural practices. Nursery cultural practices strongly affect seedling quality, which is generally at its highest level during the growth period at the nursery. Afterwards, when the seedlings are transported from the nursery to the planting site (including seedling storage, handling, shipping, and planting practices), the quality of seedlings can only remain the same or decline. To ensure successful regeneration, it is important to produce seedlings that retain their high quality until planting, and to establish them quickly in the forest regeneration site.

reforestation --- shortleaf pine --- restoration ecology --- mine reclamation --- Appalachia --- loblolly pine --- climate change --- seeds --- physiological quality --- antioxidant enzymes --- sessile oak --- pedunculate oak --- hybridization --- survival --- leaf senescence --- growth --- Quercus robur L. --- seed size --- scarification index --- germination --- mine reclamation --- browse --- black locust --- shortleaf pine --- white oak --- elk --- white-tailed deer --- rabbit --- small mammal --- container parameters --- nursery culture --- western larch --- Douglas fir --- herbicide --- bulk density --- nursery production --- growing media --- nutrients --- porosity --- reforestation --- seedling quality --- historical perspective --- morphological attributes --- physiological attributes --- Norway spruce --- Picea abies L. Karst. --- somatic embryogenesis --- forest biotechnology --- forest regeneration material --- cryopreservation --- maturation --- embling production --- northern red oak --- Quercus --- Quercus rubra --- artificial regeneration --- seedling quality --- tree planting machine --- contractor --- mechanization --- reforestation --- silviculture --- forestry --- Fennoscandia --- cultural practice --- field performance --- nursery production --- seedling quality --- tree seedling

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The rapid growth of modern industry has resulted in a growing demand for construction materials with excellent operational properties. However, the improved features of these materials can significantly hinder their manufacture and, therefore, they can be defined as hard-to-cut. The main difficulties during the manufacturing/processing of hard-to-cut materials are attributed especially to their high hardness and abrasion resistance, high strength at room or elevated temperatures, increased thermal conductivity, as well as resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Nowadays, the group of hard-to-cut materials is extensive and still expanding, which is attributed to the development of a novel manufacturing techniques (e.g., additive technologies). Currently, the group of hard-to-cut materials mainly includes hardened and stainless steels, titanium, cobalt and nickel alloys, composites, ceramics, as well as the hard clads fabricated by additive techniques. This Special Issue, “Advances in Hard-to-Cut Materials: Manufacturing, Properties, Process Mechanics and Evaluation of Surface Integrity”, provides the collection of research papers regarding the various problems correlated with hard-to-cut materials. The analysis of these studies reveals the primary directions regarding the developments in manufacturing methods, characterization, and optimization of hard-to-cut materials.

magnesium --- alloying --- spark plasma sintering --- elastic modulus --- corrosion resistance --- bioactivity --- additive manufacturing --- SLM technology --- porosity research --- microhardness research --- drilling --- dynamometer --- hole quality --- forces --- roundness --- roughness --- wear --- chips --- burr --- abrasive machining --- sapphire substrate --- resin bond --- surface --- texture --- machining --- multiscale --- aluminum alloy 6061 T6 --- surface finish --- high speed milling (HSM) --- roughness --- modeling --- intelligent optimization --- hard turning --- surface roughness --- cutting temperature --- evolutionary algorithm --- Ti-6Al-4V --- alloy --- EDC --- microcracks --- microhardness --- adhesion strength --- fused deposition modelling --- investment casting --- mathematical modelling --- aluminium matrix composite --- environmentally friendly --- nano-cutting fluids --- nickel-based alloys --- turning --- optimization --- micro-groove --- titanium alloy --- surface integrity --- material swelling and springback --- ultrasonic elliptical vibration assisted cutting --- artificial neural network --- prediction --- tool wear --- ultrasonically assisted turning --- Nimonic-90 --- surface roughness --- power consumption --- optimization --- nature inspired hybrid algorithm --- hard–to–cut materials --- machining --- additive manufacturing --- mechanics --- surface integrity