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This presentation deals with simulation studies that will be interpreted as numerical experiments. Porous structures are modelled in three dimensions (microstructure models). Heat transfer and pressure drop of the flow through a porosity is analysed using the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations (CFD). Empirical correlations for simplified calculations are presented that can be used by engineers for rough estimates and design of components with porosities like metal foam.
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Over the past two decades, there has been increased attention in the research of nanofluid due to its widely expanded domain in many industrial and technological applications. Major advances in the modeling of key topics such as nanofluid, MHD, heat transfer, convection, porous media, Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluids have been made and finally published in the special issue on recent developments in nanofluids for Applied Sciences. The present attempt is to edit the special issue in a book form. Although, this book is not a formal textbook even than it will definitely be useful for research students and university teachers in overcoming the difficulties occurring in the said topic while dealing with the nonlinear governing equations. On one side the real world problems in mathematics, physics, biomechanics, engineering and other disciplines of sciences are mostly described by the set of nonlinear equations whereas on the other hand, it is often more difficult to get an analytic solution or even a numerical one. This book has successfully handled this challenging job with latest techniques. In addition the findings of the simulation are logically realistic and meet the standard of sufficient scientific value.
Nanofluid flows --- heat transfer --- convection --- thermal effects --- thermal radiations --- magnetohydrodynamics --- viscous fluids --- neural network --- slip --- porosity --- numerical and analytical techniques
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3D printing is rapidly emerging as a key manufacturing technique that is capable of serving a wide spectrum of applications, ranging from engineering to biomedical sectors. Its ability to form both simple and intricate shapes through computer-controlled graphics enables it to create a niche in the manufacturing sector. Key challenges remain, and a great deal of research is required to develop 3D printing technology for all classes of materials including polymers, metals, ceramics, and composites. In view of the growing importance of 3D manufacturing worldwide, this Special Issue aims to seek original articles to further assist in the development of this promising technology from both scientific and technological perspectives. Targeted reviews, including mini-reviews, are also welcome, as they play a crucial role in educating students and young researchers.
selective laser melting --- maraging steel --- aging behaviour --- reversed austenite --- 3D printing --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- part redesign --- SLM structure performance --- frame structure reconstruction --- additive manufacturing --- 3D printing --- electron beam melting --- titanium alloys --- microstructure --- wear properties --- selective laser melting --- aluminum matrix composites --- microstructure --- thermodynamic behavior --- formation mechanism --- additive manufacturing --- forming defects --- bonding quality --- forming morphology --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- magnesium --- additive manufacturing --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- corrosion behavior --- porosity --- microhardness --- Selective Laser Melting (SLM) --- advanced X-ray computed tomography (XCT) --- Ti6Al4V --- selective laser melting --- electron beam melting --- single strut --- mechanical properties --- tailored blanks --- additive manufacturing --- laser deposition welding --- n/a
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phosphonic acid --- carboxylic acid --- dye --- p-type --- dye-sensitized solar cell --- anchor --- solar energy conversion --- nickel(II) oxide --- phosphonate ester --- zinc(II) --- 2,2?:6?,2?-terpyridine --- crystal structure --- metal phosphonates and phosphinates --- layered materials --- metal–organic frameworks --- synthesis --- X-ray and electron diffraction --- in situ characterisation --- heterogeneous catalysis --- gas sorption/separation --- proton conduction --- rechargeable batteries --- drug delivery --- coordination polymers --- diphosphinate --- copper --- MOF --- mechanochemistry --- metal phosphonate --- ionic compounds --- phosphonic acids --- organic salts --- coordination polymer --- Cerium --- defects --- amorphous --- porosity --- electron diffraction tomography --- solid state NMR --- n/a
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Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the manufacturing processes that warrants the attention of industrialists, researchers, and scientists. AM has the ability to fabricate materials to produce parts with complex shapes without any theoretical restrictions combined with added functionalities. Selective laser melting (SLM), also known as laser-based powder bed processing (LPBF), is one of the main AM process that can be used to fabricate wide variety of materials that are Al-, Ti-, Fe-, Ni-, Co-, W-, Ag-, and Au-based, etc. However, several challenges need to be addressed systematically, such as development of new materials that suit the SLM process conditions so the process capabilities can be fully used to produce new properties in these materials. Other issues in the field are the lack of microstructure–property correlations, premature failure, etc. Accordingly, this Special Issue (book) focuses mainly on the microstructure-correlation in three different alloys: AlSi10Mg, Ti6Al4V, and 304L stainless steel, where six articles are presented. Hence, this Special Issue outlines microstructure–property correlations in the SLM processed materials and provides a value addition to the field of AM.
additive manufacturing --- laser powder bed fusion --- selective laser melting --- metrology --- inter-repeatability --- intra-repeatability --- geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing (GD and T) --- process capability --- selective laser melting --- build orientation --- Ti–6Al–4V --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- surface roughness --- additive manufacturing --- SLM --- AlSi10Mg --- fatigue strength --- HIP --- porosity --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- compression testing --- stainless steel --- hatch angle --- build orientation --- analysis of variance --- Tukey’s test --- dimensional quality analysis --- repeatability and reproducibility --- process variability --- distortion analysis --- selective laser melting --- selective laser melting (SLM) --- analytical melt pool calculation --- phase change --- cylindrical symmetry --- line heat source --- n/a
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The need for energy is increasing and but the production from conventional reservoirs is declining quickly. This requires an economically and technically feasible source of energy for the coming years. Among some alternative future energy solutions, the most reasonable source is from unconventional reservoirs. As the name “unconventional” implies, different and challenging approaches are required to characterize and develop these resources. This Special Issue covers some of the technical challenges for developing unconventional energy sources from shale gas/oil, tight gas sand, and coalbed methane.
CO2 huff-n-puff --- condensate recovery --- shale gas condensate reservoir --- fractured tight reservoir --- stress-dependent permeability --- fracture penetration extent --- theoretical model --- shale gas --- multi-stage fracturing horizontal wells --- well interference --- transient pressure --- numerical analysis --- shale gas --- methane adsorption capacity --- Langmuir volume --- Langmuir pressure --- total organic carbon --- clay content --- coal rank --- petrophysical properties --- coalbed methane --- adsorption capacity --- Niutitang formation --- TOC recovery --- organic pores --- porosity --- pore structure --- unconventional reservoirs --- gravel pack --- sand control --- gradation optimization --- visual experiment --- coal measure gases (coalbed gas --- shale gas --- and tight sand gas) --- co-exploitation --- wellbore stability --- wettability --- zeta potential --- drilling fluid --- adsorption and desorption isotherms --- sorption hysteresis --- medium volatile bituminous coal --- equation of state --- NIST-Refprop --- gas compressibility factors --- original gas in-place --- gas shale --- NMR --- helium porosimetry --- clay bound water --- porosity --- pore size distribution --- low-pressure gas adsorption --- MICP --- tight gas reservoirs --- Klinkenberg slippage theory --- high pressure and low flowrate --- gas permeability measurement --- adsorption --- unconventional reservoirs --- pulse decay test --- unsteady state non-equilibrium sorption --- pseudo-steady-state non-equilibrium sorption --- equilibrium sorption --- capillary number --- initial water saturation --- capillary trapping --- residual gas distribution --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- ultra-deep well --- shock loads --- perforated string --- safety analysis --- optimization measures --- convolutional neural network --- well testing --- tight reservoirs --- pressure derivative --- automatic classification --- air flooding --- catalyst-activated low temperature oxidation --- oxidation reaction pathway --- catalytic oxidation characteristics --- Changqing tight oil --- organic-rich shale --- gas adsorption and desorption --- sorption hysteresis --- Langmuir model --- compositional 3D --- dual-porosity system --- total organic carbon (TOC) --- Computer Modelling Group (CMG) --- GEM® --- coalbed methane --- gas content --- diffusion coefficient --- reservoir simulation --- deepwater well --- perforation safety --- peak pressure --- numerical model --- orthogonal test --- limestone and calcareous mudstone interbedding --- gas content --- source-mixed gas --- fractures --- northern Guizhou --- water imbibition --- oil migration --- tight oil reservoirs --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- semi-analytical model --- reorientation fractures --- horizontal well --- tight reservoir --- flow behavior --- tight gas sand --- unconventional --- porosity–permeability --- hydraulic flow units --- electrical resistivity --- NMR --- micro-CT image --- petrophysics --- petrography --- carbon dioxide sequestration --- caprock integrity --- shale alteration --- rock-water-CO2 interaction --- lab tests under reservoir condition --- fractured-vuggy reservoirs --- physical model --- water flooding effect --- injection and production pattern --- gravity differentiation --- flow channel
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Due to the influence of pore-throat size distribution, pore connectivity, and microscale fractures, the transport, distribution, and residual saturation of fluids in porous media are difficult to characterize. Petrophysical methods in natural porous media have attracted great attention in a variety of fields, especially in the oil and gas industry. A wide range of research studies have been conducted on the characterization of porous media covers and multiphase flow therein. Reliable approaches for characterizing microstructure and multiphase flow in porous media are crucial in many fields, including the characterization of residual water or oil in hydrocarbon reservoirs and the long-term storage of supercritical CO2 in geological formations. This book gathers together 15 recent works to emphasize fundamental innovations in the field and novel applications of petrophysics in unconventional reservoirs, including experimental studies, numerical modeling (fractal approach), and multiphase flow modeling/simulations. The relevant stakeholders of this book are authorities and service companies working in the petroleum, subsurface water resources, air and water pollution, environmental, and biomaterial sectors.
Wilkins equation --- non-laminar flow --- turbulence modelling --- porous media --- oil tanker --- temperature drop --- oscillating motion --- numerical simulation --- soil-water characteristic curve --- initial void ratio --- air-entry value --- fractal dimension --- fractal model --- oil properties --- diffusion coefficient --- supercritical CO2 --- Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) --- CT --- digital rock --- microfractures --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- pore-scale simulations --- tight sandstone --- pore structure --- multifractal --- classification --- Ordos Basin --- loose media --- coal --- porosity --- true density --- bulk density --- overburden pressure --- particle size --- tight conglomerate --- fracture characterization and prediction --- fractal method --- salt rock --- creep --- damage --- fractional derivative --- acoustic emission --- marine gas hydrate --- submarine landslide --- greenhouse gas emission --- lifecycle management --- hazard prevention --- multilayer reservoir --- interlayer interference --- producing degree --- seepage resistance --- wellbore multiphase flow --- inclined angle --- liquid rate --- gas rate --- pressure drawdown model with new coefficients --- base-level cycle --- pore structure --- mouth bar sand body --- Huanghua Depression --- isotopic composition --- methane --- gas hydrate --- South China Sea --- Bakken Formation --- pore structure --- controlling factors --- low-temperature nitrogen adsorption --- petrophysics --- fractal porous media --- unconventional reservoirs --- multiphase flow
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Rapid establishment of seedlings in forest regeneration or afforestation sites after planting is a prerequisite for a successful reforestation. Seedling survival after outplanting can be improved by using high-quality seedling material. Seedling quality consists of several features, such as genetic source, morphological properties, nutritional status, stress resistance, and vitality of the seedlings. Field performance of the seedlings is a complex process which can be affected by many nursery and silvicultural practices. Nursery cultural practices strongly affect seedling quality, which is generally at its highest level during the growth period at the nursery. Afterwards, when the seedlings are transported from the nursery to the planting site (including seedling storage, handling, shipping, and planting practices), the quality of seedlings can only remain the same or decline. To ensure successful regeneration, it is important to produce seedlings that retain their high quality until planting, and to establish them quickly in the forest regeneration site.
reforestation --- shortleaf pine --- restoration ecology --- mine reclamation --- Appalachia --- loblolly pine --- climate change --- seeds --- physiological quality --- antioxidant enzymes --- sessile oak --- pedunculate oak --- hybridization --- survival --- leaf senescence --- growth --- Quercus robur L. --- seed size --- scarification index --- germination --- mine reclamation --- browse --- black locust --- shortleaf pine --- white oak --- elk --- white-tailed deer --- rabbit --- small mammal --- container parameters --- nursery culture --- western larch --- Douglas fir --- herbicide --- bulk density --- nursery production --- growing media --- nutrients --- porosity --- reforestation --- seedling quality --- historical perspective --- morphological attributes --- physiological attributes --- Norway spruce --- Picea abies L. Karst. --- somatic embryogenesis --- forest biotechnology --- forest regeneration material --- cryopreservation --- maturation --- embling production --- northern red oak --- Quercus --- Quercus rubra --- artificial regeneration --- seedling quality --- tree planting machine --- contractor --- mechanization --- reforestation --- silviculture --- forestry --- Fennoscandia --- cultural practice --- field performance --- nursery production --- seedling quality --- tree seedling
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The massive increase in energy demand and the related rapid development of unconventional reservoirs has opened up exciting new energy supply opportunities along with new, seemingly intractable engineering and research challenges. The energy industry has primarily depended on a heuristic approach—rather than a systematic approach—to optimize and tackle the various challenges when developing new and improving the performance of existing unconventional reservoirs. Industry needs accurate estimations of well production performance and of the cumulative estimated ultimate reserves, accounting for uncertainty. This Special Issue presents 10 original and high-quality research articles related to the modeling of unconventional reservoirs, which showcase advanced methods for fractured reservoir simulation, and improved production forecasting techniques.
Cyclic CH4 injection --- enhanced oil recovery --- nanopore confinement --- molecular diffusion --- sensitivity analysis --- fractured reservoir --- line detection --- semi-analytical model --- EDFM --- fracture modeling --- well spacing --- shale gas --- natural fractures --- embedded discrete fracture model --- well interference --- pore network --- flow models --- bottomhole pressure --- bubble point pressure --- cluster efficiency --- perforating number --- Changning shale gas --- multiple fracture propagation --- Austin Chalk --- Eagle Ford shale --- hydraulic fracturing --- pressure communication --- production uplifts --- shale gas --- stimulated reservoir volume --- microseismic --- hydraulic fracture closure --- production history matching --- low-permeability reservoir --- staged fracturing horizontal well --- mimetic finite difference method --- discrete fracture model --- fracture properties --- EUR --- infill wells --- (re)fracturing --- pressure depletion --- naturally fractured reservoirs --- time of flight --- particle paths --- enhanced permeability --- flow modeling --- natural fractures --- hydraulic fractures --- drained rock volume --- fracture porosity --- hydraulic fracturing --- hydraulic fracturing test site --- wolfcamp formation --- midland basin
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The rapid growth of modern industry has resulted in a growing demand for construction materials with excellent operational properties. However, the improved features of these materials can significantly hinder their manufacture and, therefore, they can be defined as hard-to-cut. The main difficulties during the manufacturing/processing of hard-to-cut materials are attributed especially to their high hardness and abrasion resistance, high strength at room or elevated temperatures, increased thermal conductivity, as well as resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Nowadays, the group of hard-to-cut materials is extensive and still expanding, which is attributed to the development of a novel manufacturing techniques (e.g., additive technologies). Currently, the group of hard-to-cut materials mainly includes hardened and stainless steels, titanium, cobalt and nickel alloys, composites, ceramics, as well as the hard clads fabricated by additive techniques. This Special Issue, “Advances in Hard-to-Cut Materials: Manufacturing, Properties, Process Mechanics and Evaluation of Surface Integrity”, provides the collection of research papers regarding the various problems correlated with hard-to-cut materials. The analysis of these studies reveals the primary directions regarding the developments in manufacturing methods, characterization, and optimization of hard-to-cut materials.
magnesium --- alloying --- spark plasma sintering --- elastic modulus --- corrosion resistance --- bioactivity --- additive manufacturing --- SLM technology --- porosity research --- microhardness research --- drilling --- dynamometer --- hole quality --- forces --- roundness --- roughness --- wear --- chips --- burr --- abrasive machining --- sapphire substrate --- resin bond --- surface --- texture --- machining --- multiscale --- aluminum alloy 6061 T6 --- surface finish --- high speed milling (HSM) --- roughness --- modeling --- intelligent optimization --- hard turning --- surface roughness --- cutting temperature --- evolutionary algorithm --- Ti-6Al-4V --- alloy --- EDC --- microcracks --- microhardness --- adhesion strength --- fused deposition modelling --- investment casting --- mathematical modelling --- aluminium matrix composite --- environmentally friendly --- nano-cutting fluids --- nickel-based alloys --- turning --- optimization --- micro-groove --- titanium alloy --- surface integrity --- material swelling and springback --- ultrasonic elliptical vibration assisted cutting --- artificial neural network --- prediction --- tool wear --- ultrasonically assisted turning --- Nimonic-90 --- surface roughness --- power consumption --- optimization --- nature inspired hybrid algorithm --- hard–to–cut materials --- machining --- additive manufacturing --- mechanics --- surface integrity
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