Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Hardwood-dominated temperate forests (mostly in Eastern North America, Europe, North East Asia) provide valuable renewable timber and numerous ecosystem services. Many of these forests have been subjected to harvesting or conversion to agriculture, sometimes over centuries, that have greatly reduced their former extent and diversity. Natural regeneration following harvesting or during post-agricultural succession has often failed to restore these forests adequately. Past harvesting practices and the valuable timber of some species have led to a reduction in their abundance. The loss of apex predators has caused herbivore populations to increase and exert intense browsing pressure on hardwood regeneration, often preventing it. Particularly important are fruit, nut and acorn bearing species, because of their vital role in forest food webs and biodiversity. Restoring hardwood species to natural forests in which they were formerly more abundant will require a number of forest management actions (e.g., resistant hybrids, deer exclosures/protectors, enrichment planting, underplanting, etc.). Similarly, reforesting areas that were once natural forests will also require new silvicultural knowledge. Global warming trends will intensify the need for interventions to maintain the diversity and function of temperate hardwood forests, as well as for increase hardwood reforestation.

forest restoration --- Fagaceae species --- seed predation --- seedling establishment --- sub-tropical hardwoods --- native mixed forests --- agroforestry --- riparian forest restoration --- hardwoods --- Juglans nigra --- Quercus macrocarpa --- Pinus strobus --- vegetation management --- weed control --- nitrate --- phosphorus --- deer abundance --- forest diversity --- avian guilds --- protected landscape area --- understorey --- unmanaged forest --- tree shelter --- deer browsing --- hardwood restoration --- assisted migration --- enrichment planting --- shelterwood --- Pinus strobus L. --- Quercus rubra L. --- Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch --- Juglans nigra L. --- Quercus rubra --- oak regeneration --- Central Hardwood Forest region --- shelterwood --- deer herbivory --- sugar maple --- yellow birch --- tree vigor --- growth efficiency index --- tree selection --- invasive plants --- forest restoration --- soil disturbance --- herbicide effects --- forest regeneration --- floristic quality index --- species composition --- Bioclimatic niche --- Durango --- Mexican tree species --- MaxEnt --- non-parametric correlation --- forest restoration --- wildfire --- biological diversity --- cultural diversity --- ecosystem services --- monitoring --- indicators --- inventory --- Native Americans --- non-timber forest products --- tree plantation --- abandoned agricultural field --- predation --- competition --- tolerance --- facilitation --- precision restoration