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Rare earth elements (REE) are critical to our modern way of life, although potential primary and secondary sources of these elements and the economics of the REE sector remain somewhat poorly understood. This Special Issue focuses on furthering our understanding of the criticality and potential sources of rare earth elements as well as the economics of the REE sector. The papers in this Special Issue provide further insight into the full life cycle of REE, information that is vital to ensuring the existence of sustainable sources of these critical elements into the future.

Rare Earth Elements --- criticality --- critical metals --- mineralogy --- economic geology --- mineralisation --- mineral economics

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Wine traceability is a central theme in the current world market where consumers are increasingly demanding the quality and origin of food and drink. The wine production chain and wine composition are generally controlled by different laws (International Organization of Vine and Wine (OIV), European Union (EU), and national governments) and need specific documentation. Nevertheless, wine production is subject to fraud. Consequently, the improvement of the methods applied to verify the origin and quality of wines is very important to protect wine consumers and producers. In this book, eight different papers—six research papers and two reviews—address the topic from different points of view.

ICP-MS --- rare earth elements --- wine --- traceability --- NMR --- IRMS --- sensory analyses --- traceability --- geographical origin --- isotopes --- geographical traceability --- 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio --- Chianti Classico wine --- soil particle size --- wine authenticity --- geographical origin --- grapevine varietal identification and discrimination --- bio-geochemical strategy --- wine --- grape --- traceability --- metabolomics --- high-resolution mass spectrometry --- Amarone --- Recioto --- Raboso --- Primitivo --- Negro Amaro --- red wine --- authenticity --- polyphenols --- markers --- fingerprinting --- geographic origin --- geological material --- multi-element composition --- rare earth elements --- vinification --- support vector machines --- data mining --- wine classification --- Tannat wines --- feature selection --- n/a

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The development of new technologies and the increasing demand for mineral resources from emerging countries are responsible for significant tensions in the pricing of non-ferrous metals. Some metals have become strategic and critical because they are used in many technological applications such as flat panel TVs (indium), solar panel cells (indium), lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (lithium, cobalt), magnets (rare earth elements, such as neodymium and dysprosium), scintillators (rare earths), and aviation and medical applications (titanium); their availabilities remain limited. The secured supply of these metals is crucial to continue producing and exporting these technologies, and because the specific properties of these metals make them essential and difficult to substitute for a given industrial application. Hydrometallurgy have the advantages of being able to process low-grade ores, to allow better control of co-products, and have a lower environmental impact providing that the hydrometallurgical route is optimized and cheap. The need to develop sustainable, efficient, and cheap processes to extract metals from complex and poor polymetallic matrices is real. The aim of this book was to highlight recent advances related to hydrometallurgy to face new challenges in metal production.

bauxite residue --- red mud --- leaching --- titanium --- metal recovery --- gold recovery --- pregnant thiosulfate solutions --- resin adsorption technique --- competitive adsorption --- eluent --- base metal production --- intermediate --- nickel iron oxide --- fayalite --- cuprite --- leaching --- Alamine® 336 --- solvent extraction --- chromium(VI) --- degradation --- tri-n-octylamine --- gold cyanidation --- mercury ions --- intensification behavior --- structure --- surface product --- platinum group metals --- value chain --- refining --- leaching --- bauxite residue --- red mud --- hydrometallurgy --- recovery --- scandium --- precipitation --- ionic liquids --- metal extraction --- liquid-liquid extraction --- back-extraction --- reusability --- metal recovery --- electroleaching --- electrodeposition --- secondary raw materials --- ionic liquids --- phosphoric acid --- rare-earth elements --- separation --- solid-liquid extraction --- ion exchange resin --- WEEE --- yttrium --- indium --- hydrometallurgy --- chalcopyrite --- voltammetry --- electrochemistry --- seawater --- chloride --- n/a

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The high demand for advanced metallic materials raises the need for an extensive recycling of metals and such a sustainable use of raw materials. ""Sustainable Utilization of Metals - Processing, Recovery and Recycling"" comprises the latest scientific achievements in efficient production of metals and such addresses sustainable resource use as part of the circular economy strategy. This policy drives the present contributions, aiming on the recirculation of EoL-streams such as Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), multi-metal alloys or composite materials back into metal production. This needs a holistic approach, resulting in the maximal avoidance of waste. Considering both aspects, circular economy and material design, recovery and use of minor metals play an essential role, since their importance for technological applications often goes along with a lack of supply on the world market. Additionally, their ignoble character and low concentration in recycling materials cause an insufficient recycling rate of these metals, awarding them the status of “critical metals”. In order to minimize losses and energy consumption, this issue explores concepts for the optimization concerning the interface between mechanical and thermal pre-treatment and metallurgical processes. Such new approaches in material design, structural engineering and substitution are provided in the chapters.

laterites --- scandium --- leaching --- precipitation --- solvent extraction --- manganese --- Zinc --- electrolytic lodes and scrapings --- electrolytic manganese --- metallurgy --- hydrometallurgy --- recycling --- sustainable development --- recycling --- spent catalysts --- zinc --- copper --- Bayan Obo --- REE–Nb–Fe ore --- carbothermal reduction --- kinetics --- NMC batteries --- recycling --- leaching --- solvent extraction --- selective precipitation --- hydrometallurgy --- Bayer process --- trace elements --- vanadium --- gallium --- rare earth elements --- lanthanum --- yttrium --- scandium --- karst bauxite --- bauxite residue --- red mud --- indium --- silver --- jarosite --- recycling --- industrial residue --- process development --- selective extraction --- simultaneous recovery --- pyrometallurgy --- lifetime of steel --- steel scrap --- circulation --- industry sector --- dynamic material flow model --- recycling rate --- material flow analysis --- gold --- copper --- WPCBs --- leaching --- physical separation --- Tin recovery --- steelmaking dust --- zinc recycling --- alkaline leaching --- electric arc furnace --- Li-ion battery --- recycling --- pyrolysis --- microwave assisted pyrolysis --- battery pre-treatment --- super-gravity --- rheorefining --- aluminum alloy --- tramp element --- separation --- jarosite residue --- pyrometallurgy --- circular economy --- slag valorization --- metal recovery --- closed-loop circulation --- environmentally friendly process --- enrichment of Ti --- preparation for recovery --- reduction of Co --- precipitation --- thermal treatment --- hydrometallurgy --- recycling --- cold-bonded briquettes --- blast furnace --- desulfurization --- basic oxygen furnace --- dust --- sludge --- fines --- scandium --- anti-solvent crystallization --- solvent extraction --- precipitation --- ammonium scandium hexafluoride --- chemical equilibrium diagram --- aluminium purification --- iron removal --- intermetallic formation --- polythermal section --- cerium --- flotation --- glass polishing waste --- gravity separation --- leaching --- precipitation --- rare-earths --- recycling --- reuse --- solvent extraction --- neodymium --- dimethyl sulfoxide --- electrodeposition --- bauxite residue --- red mud --- ionic liquids --- scandium recovery --- titanium recovery --- NdFeB magnets --- rare earth elements --- recycling --- recycling potential --- neodymium --- dysprosium --- WPCB --- melting behavior --- flash smelting --- cementation --- copper removal --- cavitation --- pyrolysis --- smartphone --- displays --- halogenation --- indium --- volatilization --- thermodynamics --- recycling --- magnesium --- refining --- recycling --- ultra-high purity --- vacuum distillation --- condensation --- oxygen-depolarized cathodes --- silver leaching --- cryogenic pre-treatment --- negative activation energy --- polishing waste --- rare earths --- waste utilization --- characterization --- leaching --- n/a

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The focus of this Special Issue is aimed at enhancing the discussion of Engineering Education, particularly related to technological and professional learning. In the 21st century, students face a challenging demand: they are expected to have the best scientific expertise, but also highly developed social skills and qualities like teamwork, creativity, communication, or leadership. Even though students and teachers are becoming more aware of this necessity, there is still a gap between academic life and the professional world. In this Special Edition Book, the reader can find works tackling interesting topics such as educational resources addressing students’ development of competencies, the importance of final year projects linked to professional environments, and multicultural or interdisciplinary challenges.

cyclotron --- PET --- titanium-45 --- unconventional radionuclides --- cyclotron --- targetry --- thermal study --- recycling of [18O]-water --- enrichment grade --- fractional distillation --- azeotropic mixtures --- molecular sieve desiccant --- 165Er --- 52Mn --- irradiation --- separation --- resin --- radiometals --- heavy Rare Earth Elements (hREE) --- liquid targets --- medical cyclotron --- radiometals --- gallium-68 --- copper-64 --- copper-61 --- purification --- disposable kit --- radiopharmaceuticals --- radionuclide production --- target stations --- targetry --- 70 MeV cyclotron --- beam energy --- ion accelerator --- medical cyclotron --- ion source --- filament --- cyclotron --- medical isotopes --- SPECT --- cyclotron --- medical radioisotope production --- radioactive impurities --- cross-section --- stacked-foils --- gamma spectroscopy --- thick target yield --- Radionuclide Yield Calculator --- cyclotron target --- carbon-11 --- recoil escape --- boron nitride nanotubes --- BNNTs --- cyclotrons --- radionuclide production --- solid, liquid and gas targets --- PET --- medical isotopes --- Ga-68 --- solid target --- radioisotopes --- medical radioisotopes --- radioisotope targetry --- solid radioisotope targets --- radioisotope target processing --- medical cyclotrons --- cyclotron --- targetry --- solid target --- metal 3D-printing --- target temperature --- radiometals --- radionuclides --- radioisotopes --- medical radioisotopes --- radioisotope targetry --- solid radioisotope targets --- radioisotope target processing --- medical cyclotrons --- PET --- medical isotopes --- solid target system --- radioisotope production --- Molybdenum-100 --- cyclotron --- molybdenum material recovery --- actinium-225 --- thorium --- spallation --- proton target --- ANSYS --- targeted alpha therapy --- cyclotron --- stack-foil --- monitor reaction --- cyclotron solid target --- radioisotope production --- magnetron sputtering --- thick film deposition --- cyclotron --- powder target --- thermal study --- vortex target --- Gallium-68 --- Technetium-99m --- medical Sc radioisotopes --- radioisotope production --- thick target yield measurements --- cross-section reconstruction --- numerical analysis --- cyclotrons --- targets --- target chemistry --- radioisotopes --- theranostics