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Governance connotes the way an organization, an economy, or a social system co-ordinates and steers itself. Some insist that governing is strictly a top-down process guided by authority and coercion, while others emphasize that it emerges bottom-up through the workings of the free market. This book rejects these simplistic views in favour of a more distributed view of governance based on a mix of coercion, quid pro quo market exchange and reciprocity, on a division of labour among the private, public, and civic sectors, and on the co-evolution of these different integration mechanisms. This book is for both practitioners confronted with governance issues and for citizens trying to make sense of the world around them.
exchange --- governance --- one-sided --- redistribution
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Si on connaît le poids de l’armée, de la marine ou du service de la dette, les circuits internes qu’emprunte, au XVIIIe siècle, l’argent de l’État redistributeur demeurent encore obscurs. Les dotations des principales caisses centrales, les transferts de fonds de caisse à caisse, les ordres de paiement, notamment sur les caisses provinciales, et finalement l’acquittement des dépenses auprès des nombreux destinataires des fonds publics n’ont pas été étudiés en tant que tels. Or, apprécier la manière dont l’État organise la gestion de ses dépenses, met en œuvre les modalités de redistribution de l’argent public, et fait face (ou non) à ses obligations de paiement, nous renseigne utilement sur les relations financières qu’il entretient avec la société. Comment l’État paye les Français ? Qu’il s’agisse du paiement des soldes, gages, rentes, remboursement des corvées militaires, exemptions, remises fiscales, indemnités des expropriés, pensions, gratifications..., par quelles voies les fonds parviennent-ils à leurs destinataires ? Selon quel ordre de priorité, quelle forme (espèces, billets), quel délai ? Les travaux issus de cette journée d’études s’intéressent aux paiements de l’État moderne en observant l’administration monarchique dans un rôle plutôt gratifiant celui de dispensateur des deniers royaux, sans pour autant oublier que cette capacité de redistribution constitue l’exact pendant d’une capacité de prélèvement rendue possible par le monopole de la violence légitime.
monarchie --- administration --- fonds publics --- dépenses --- redistribution
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Justice and Vulnerability in Europe contributes to the understanding of justice in Europe from both a theoretical and empirical perspective. It shows that Europe is falling short of its ideals and justice-related ambitions by repeatedly failing its most vulnerable populations.
Europe --- justice --- vulnerability --- redistribution --- recognition --- representation
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The papers included in this special issue cover a broad range of aspects ranging from genetics and breeding to crop production in the field. Climate change, intensified agriculture, modifications of land use, or pollution are often accompanied by larger fluctuations including extreme events. The growing world’s population and nutrient deficiencies in agricultural products for human or animal nutrition, or pollutants in harvested products in some regions (quality of yield), are important points to be integrated in a comprehensive analysis aimed at supporting agriculture on the way into a challenging future. It is therefore necessary to develop suitable models to identify potentials and risks. Instabilities (e.g., caused by climatic factors or pests) should be detected as early as possible to initiate corrections in the nutrient supply or in other growth conditions. Sensitive detection systems for nutrient disorders in the field can facilitate this task, and are therefore, highly desirable
Abiotic stress --- Biotic stress --- Nutrient availability in soil --- Nutrient uptake --- Nutrient assimilation --- Transport via xylem and phloem --- Nutrient redistribution --- Senescence --- Nutrient contents in harvested plant products --- Pollution
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Religion and Politics: New Developments Worldwide features ten articles about recent developments in the interaction of Religion and Politics in various countries of Asia, Africa, Europe, and both North and South America. Most articles focus on one country, and including China, South Korea, India, Nigeria, Malaysia, France, and Cuba. Others address issues across regions such as Latin America, Southeast Asia, or the Middle East. The fifteen contributors are scholars from diverse disciplines as well as diverse regions of Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Subjects include the Indian government’s favoritism for Hinduism over rival religions; the way the Sikhs of India avoid the religion–politics divide; the way the Western media fails to fully understand the Chinese government’s policies on religious minorities; the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo demonstrations in France; religious attitudes toward tax politics in South Korea as well as among Christians compared to Muslims; how to lessen the radicalization of Muslims in Southeast Asia; whether Nigeria should encourage its Muslims to be active in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation; the spiritual role played by the permaculture movement in Cuba; and how the former tendency of scholars to polarize religion and politics is no longer viable, especially in Latin America.
religiosity --- religion --- tax equity --- exchange equity --- horizontal equity --- vertical equity --- Cuba --- permaculture --- nature spirituality --- religion and politics --- theories of religion --- deradicalization --- moderate education --- parent culture --- contextualization --- Southeast Asia --- religion --- religiosity --- ethics --- redistribution --- property rights --- economic inequality --- government --- subsidy --- tax --- public finance --- Latin America --- religion --- politics --- methodology --- theory --- Nigeria --- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) --- foreign policy --- secularity --- economic aids --- Charlie Hebdo --- Je Suis Charlie --- January 11th 2015 --- French Republic --- secularism --- terrorism --- fraternity --- Akal Takhat --- British Raj --- halem? r?j --- Khalsa --- m?r?-p?r? --- religion and politics --- secularism --- SGPC --- Akali Dal --- Punjab --- Hindutva --- religious conversion --- ghar wapsi --- mass conversion --- India --- Dalit --- religion and politics --- People’s Republic of China --- Uyghurs --- Xinjiang --- Tibet
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