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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde mit der Entwicklung einer differentiellen Turbulenzsäule das advektionsfreie Turbulenzprofil einer offenen Gerinneströmung im Labor nachgebildet. Hierin konnten die Prozesse der Feinsedimentdynamik nachgebildet und gemessen werden. Die Ergebnisse beschreiben den Prozessablauf in der Feinsedimentdynamik und dienten als Grundlage für die Entwicklung und Validierung eines Modells zur Bilanzierung der Feinsedimentdynamik in der Wassersäule.
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The continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of functionalized and non-functionalized nanoparticle dispersions was pursued. Besides improving the understanding of the relationship between process variables and the resulting nanoparticle dispersions, the usability of this process was extended by introducing clickable organic modifiers, a step toward the development of a convenient and versatile process for the synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles with universal anchors on their surface.
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Cet ouvrage est le fruit de l’une des premières « expertises collégiales » coordonnées par l’Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD). Il fait le bilan des connaissances sur la présence, préoccupante, du mercure en Amazonie, sur ses effets sur l’environnement et la santé. Il se conclut par un certain nombre de recommandations opérationnelles. Il existe deux modes spécifiques de contamination humaine par le mercure : l’exposition des travailleurs de l’or (orpailleurs ou raffineurs) aux vapeurs de mercure dégagées lors des opérations d’enrichissement du minerai aurifère et de purification des lingots ; l’exposition de la population à un dérivé du mercure, le méthylmercure, principalement par la consommation de poissons eux-mêmes contaminés. Le premier mode, direct, de contamination peut entraîner des troubles de la santé du fait d’expositions prolongées et répétées. Ceux-ci concernent les voies respiratoires, le système gastro-intestinal et le système nerveux central, ce dernier pouvant être l’objet d’altérations irréversibles. Le caractère souvent clandestin et précaire des activités d’orpaillage ne favorise pas l’usage de techniques qui éviteraient ou du moins réduiraient cette contamination. La seconde forme d’exposition est beaucoup plus difficile encore à maîtriser. La méthylation du mercure, issu de l’orpaillage mais aussi contenu dans les sols à l’état « naturel », relève d’activités bactériennes dans des milieux aquatiques privés d’oxygène et riches en matière organique. L’exportation du mercure est facilitée par la déforestation – les sols dénudés favorisent sa libération – et par l’aptitude de ce métal à se complexer aux fines suspensions argilo-organiques véhiculées par les eaux. La contamination des poissons est l’étape suivante de la chaîne de transfert vers l’homme : comme, pour beaucoup de populations amazoniennes, leur consommation représente la source essentielle de protéines, elle constitue un agent d’exposition quasi quotidienne au méthylmercure dans l’ensemble de l’Amazonie et non dans les seules régions d’orpaillage. Cette imprégnation continue entraîne essentiellement l’apparition, tant chez l’adulte que chez l’enfant, d’atteintes neurologiques sévères, plus graves encore chez le fœtus au moment de la formation des organes. À partir de ces constats, un certain nombre de recommandations sont avancées : la mise en place d’un observatoire amazonien de surveillance, la création d’une structure d’encadrement de l’orpaillage, l’usage généralisé d’équipements de protection contre les vapeurs de mercure, diverses mesures techniques destinées à réduire l’impact du mercure dans l’environnement, une meilleure diffusion de l’information de base sur les risques encourus, l’adoption d’habitudes alimentaires prévenant l’exposition régulière au méthylmercure, une amélioration des suivis sanitaires.
mercure --- toxicité --- contamination --- cycle biogéochimique --- eau continentale --- sédimentation lacustre --- exploitation du sous-sol --- mine --- or --- santé publique --- groupe à risque (santé publique) --- Amazonie --- Brésil --- Guyane française
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The presence of drops, bubbles, and particles affects the behavior and response of complex multiphase fluids. In many applications, these complex fluids have more than one non-Newtonian component, e.g., polymer melts, liquid crystals, and blood plasma. In fact, most fluids exhibit non-Newtonian behaviors, such as yield stress, viscoelastity, viscoplasticity, shear thinning, or shear thickening, under certain flow conditions. Even in the complex fluids composed of Newtonian components, the coupling between different components and the evolution of internal boundaries often lead to a complex rheology. Thus the dynamics of drops, bubbles, and particles in both Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids are crucial to the understanding of the macroscopic behavior of complex fluids. This Special Issue aims to gather a wide variety of papers that focus on drop, bubble and particle dynamics in complex fluids. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, drop deformation, rising drops, pair-wise drop interactions, drop migration in channel flows, and the interaction of particles with flow systems such as pastes and slurries, glasses, suspensions, and emulsions. We emphasize numerical simulations, but also welcome experimental and theoretical contributions.
emulsion microstructure --- drop size distribution --- monomodal–bimodal distributions --- dielectrophoresis --- direct numerical simulations --- Maxwell stress tensor method --- point-dipole method --- distributed Lagrange multiplier method --- drop --- cusp instability --- encapsulation --- migration --- sedimentation --- viscoelasticity --- DEM/CFD simulations --- Euler/Lagrange approach --- fluidized beds --- frictional effects --- Taylor flow --- droplet excess velocity --- droplet velocity model --- microfluidics --- genetic algorithms --- greybox modeling --- electrified fluids --- conformal map --- Taylor cone --- n/a
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Climate and anthropogenic changes impact the conditions of erosion and sediment transport in rivers. Rainfall variability and, in many places, the increase of rainfall intensity have a direct impact on rainfall erosivity. Increasing changes in demography have led to the acceleration of land cover changes in natural areas, as well as in cultivated areas, and, sometimes, in degraded areas and desertified landscapes. These anthropogenized landscapes are more sensitive to erosion. On the other hand, the increase in the number of dams in watersheds traps a great portion of sediment fluxes, which do not reach the sea in the same amount, nor at the same quality, with consequences on coastal geomorphodynamics. This book is dedicated to studies on sediment fluxes from continental areas to coastal areas, as well as observation, modeling, and impact analysis at different scales from watershed slopes to the outputs of large river basins. This book is concentrated on a number of keywords: “erosion” and “sediment transport”, “model” and “practice”, and “change”. The keywords are briefly discussed with respect to the relevant literature. The contributions in this book address observations and models based on laboratory and field data, allowing researchers to make use of such resources in practice under changing conditions.
GSD --- proglacial channels --- bedload transport --- field measurements --- fluvial erosion --- soil slurry --- sedimentation --- two-phase flow --- transfer --- deposition --- limiting tractive force --- Wadi Mina --- Algeria --- sediment --- ruptures --- SMBA Dam --- specific degradation --- Mediterranean Maghreb Basin --- water fluxes --- sediment fluxes --- reservoirs --- hillside reservoirs --- sediment retention --- soil erosion --- rill development --- erosion topography --- sloping flume experiments --- climate change --- human activities --- soil erosion --- SWAT model --- Xihe River Basin --- runoff --- suspended sediment --- phosphorus --- water quality modelling --- mitigation measures --- flooding --- incipient deposition --- sediment transport --- self-cleansing --- sewer systems --- shear stress --- urban drainage system --- aggradation --- CCHE1D --- climate change --- degradation --- dynamical downscaling --- flow discharge --- migration --- riverbed --- sediment --- bed load transport --- shear Reynolds number --- mixed-size bed material --- complex morphodynamics --- soil loss --- sediment delivery --- erosion modelling --- environmental change --- agriculture --- Czech Republic --- Anthropocene --- climate change --- deposition --- erosion --- modeling --- practice --- sedimentation --- sediment transport --- watershed
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The collection of papers presented in this book illustrates the recent progress made in varved sediment research and highlights the large variety of methodological approaches and research directions applied. The contributions cover monitoring of modern sediment fluxes using sediment traps; geochronological and sedimentological analyses of annually laminated lacustrine sediments or varves; and multiproxy investigations, including geochemical and biological proxies as well as spatiotemporal analyses based on multicore studies supported by satellite images and X-ray computed tomography (CT). The scientific issues discuss the influences of hydrological and climatological phenomena on short-term changes in sediment flux, the relationships between biogeochemical (limnological) processes in the water column and the formation of varves, the preservation of environmental signals in varved sediments, and possibilities of synchronizing varved records with other high-resolution environmental archives such as tree rings.
varves --- lake sediments --- grain-size --- end-members --- dropstones --- snow avalanche --- X-ray CT --- varve --- sedimentation --- flux rate --- catchment dynamics --- ultra-high resolution --- environmental monitoring --- novel technology methodology --- varves --- hypoxia --- oxygen deficiency --- lake sediments --- eutrophication --- hypolimnetic hypoxia oscillations --- annually laminated lake sediments --- dating --- mast --- pollen analysis --- tree-rings --- varves --- endogenic varves --- calcite precipitation --- pollen traps --- meromixis --- freshwater GDGTs --- pigments --- long-term ecology --- environmental monitoring --- geochronology --- hypoxia --- pollen analysis --- sediment flux --- varve microfacies
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The development of micro- and nanodevices for blood analysis is an interdisciplinary subject that demands the integration of several research fields, such as biotechnology, medicine, chemistry, informatics, optics, electronics, mechanics, and micro/nanotechnologies. Over the last few decades, there has been a notably fast development in the miniaturization of mechanical microdevices, later known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which combine electrical and mechanical components at a microscale level. The integration of microflow and optical components in MEMS microdevices, as well as the development of micropumps and microvalves, have promoted the interest of several research fields dealing with fluid flow and transport phenomena happening in microscale devices. Microfluidic systems have many advantages over their macroscale counterparts, offering the ability to work with small sample volumes, providing good manipulation and control of samples, decreasing reaction times, and allowing parallel operations in one single step. As a consequence, microdevices offer great potential for the development of portable and point-of-care diagnostic devices, particularly for blood analysis. Moreover, the recent progress in nanotechnology has contributed to its increasing popularity, and has expanded the areas of application of microfluidic devices, including in the manipulation and analysis of flows on the scale of DNA, proteins, and nanoparticles (nanoflows). In this Special Issue, we invited contributions (original research papers, review articles, and brief communications) that focus on the latest advances and challenges in micro- and nanodevices for diagnostics and blood analysis, micro- and nanofluidics, technologies for flow visualization, MEMS, biochips, and lab-on-a-chip devices and their application to research and industry. We hope to provide an opportunity to the engineering and biomedical community to exchange knowledge and information and to bring together researchers who are interested in the general field of MEMS and micro/nanofluidics and, especially, in its applications to biomedical areas.
cell analysis --- lens-less --- microfluidic chip --- twin-image removal --- POCT --- red blood cell (RBC) aggregation --- multiple microfluidic channels --- master molder using xurography technique --- RBC aggregation index --- modified conventional erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) method --- regression analysis --- biomicrofluidics --- red blood cells --- deformability --- velocity --- centrifugal microfluidic device --- CEA detection --- density medium --- fluorescent chemiluminescence --- multinucleated cells --- XTC-YF cells --- morphological analysis --- Y-27632 --- hydrophobic dish --- red blood cells --- Lattice–Boltzmann method --- finite element method --- immersed boundary method --- narrow rectangular microchannel --- computational biomechanics --- microfluidics --- mechanophenotyping --- cancer --- metastatic potential --- cell adhesion --- biomedical coatings --- microfabrication --- computational fluid dynamics --- microfluidics --- microfluidics --- red blood cells (RBCs) --- microfabrication --- polymers --- separation and sorting techniques --- microfluidic devices --- cell deformability --- chronic renal disease --- diabetes --- red blood cells (RBCs) --- hyperbolic microchannel --- blood on chips --- suspension --- rheology --- power-law fluid --- circular microchannel --- pressure-driven flow --- particle tracking velocimetry --- microstructure --- n/a
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The book outlines recent advances in nuclear wasteform materials including glasses, ceramics and cements and spent nuclear fuel. It focuses on durability aspects and contains data on performance of nuclear wasteforms as well as expected behavior in a disposal environment.
magnesium potassium phosphate compound --- actinides --- rare earth elements --- uranium --- plutonium --- americium --- lanthanum --- neodymium --- immobilization --- leaching --- research reactor fuel element U3Si2-Al --- spent nuclear fuel --- corrosion --- secondary phases --- layered double hydroxides LDH --- lesukite --- inorganic synthesis --- nuclear waste --- caesium phosphomolybdate --- zirconium molybdate --- sedimentation --- cesium adsorbed --- radioactive cesium --- safe storage --- zeolite polymer composite fiber --- geopolymer --- paper sludge ash --- radionuclide --- hazardous water --- immobilization --- seawater --- strontium --- cesium --- chlorine --- spent nuclear fuel --- geological repository --- criticality safety --- burnup credit --- loading curves --- iodine --- waste form --- corrosion --- microscopy --- silver iodide --- fractional release --- alkali borosilicate glass --- leaching processes --- modeling --- borosilicate glass corrosion --- heavy ion irradiation --- in situ fluid-cell Raman spectroscopy --- forward dissolution rate --- crystalline ceramics --- nuclear waste --- immobilization --- sintering --- spark plasma sintering --- nuclear waste --- spent nuclear fuel --- immobilisation --- conditioning --- wasteforms --- vitrification --- glass --- ceramics --- glass composite materials --- durability
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The interface of 440,000 km long coastline in the world is subject to global change, with an increasing human pressure (land use, buildings, sand mining, dredging) and increasing population. Improving our knowledge on involved mechanisms and sediment transport processes, monitoring the evolution of sedimentary stocks and anticipating changes in littoral and coastal zones is essential for this purpose. The special issue of Water on “Sediment transport in coastal waters” gathers thirteen papers which introduce the current revolution in the scientific research related to coastal and littoral hydrosedimentary dynamics, and reflect the diversity of concerns on which research in coastal sediment transport is based, and current trends — topics and preferred methods — to address them.
suspended sediment --- sediment transport --- coastal hydraulics --- Mekong --- river plume --- monsoon --- mathematical model --- geochemical map --- particle transfer process --- tidal current --- analysis of variance (ANOVA) --- Cluster analysis --- Mahalanobis’ generalized distances --- Seto Inland Sea --- East Coast Low --- nearshore processes --- coastal erosion --- coastal management --- climate change --- numerical modelling --- Southeast Australia --- soil erosion --- SWAT --- water scarcity --- sediment transport modelling --- Tafna catchment --- North Africa --- suspended sediment --- sediment transport --- lagoon --- geochemistry --- Ni mining --- sediment trap --- hydrodynamics --- New Caledonia --- dry season --- Senegal River delta --- Langue de Barbarie spit --- delta vulnerability --- river-mouth migration --- spit breaching --- ERA hindcast waves --- longshore sediment transport --- Vietnam --- South China Sea --- erosion --- recovery --- storminess --- winter monsoon --- typhoons --- shoreline --- waves forcing --- storms --- resilience --- post-storm recovery --- Bight of Benin --- seasonal cycle --- trend --- sand-mud mixture erosion --- numerical modelling --- non-cohesive to cohesive transition --- remote sensing reflectance --- turbidity --- seagrass beds --- bed shear stress --- fresh water runoff --- oceanic water intrusion --- suspended particulate matter --- aggregates --- flocculation --- biomass --- sediment --- turbidity --- remote-sensing --- MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) --- Support Vector Regression (SVR) --- oligotrophic lagoon --- bathymetry --- reflectance --- seabed colour --- coral reef --- New Caledonia --- sediment transport --- cohesive sediments --- non cohesive sediments --- sand --- mud --- coastal erosion --- sedimentation --- morphodynamics --- suspended particulate matter --- bedload
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Geomorphometry is the science of quantitative terrain characterization and analysis, and has traditionally focused on the investigation of terrestrial and planetary landscapes. However, applications of marine geomorphometry have now moved beyond the simple adoption of techniques developed for terrestrial studies, driven by the rise in the acquisition of high-resolution seafloor data and by the availability of user-friendly spatial analytical tools. Considering that the seafloor represents 71% of the surface of our planet, this is an important step towards understanding the Earth in its entirety.This volume is the first one dedicated to marine applications of geomorphometry. It showcases studies addressing the five steps of geomorphometry: sampling a surface (e.g., the seafloor), generating a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from samples, preprocessing the DTM for subsequent analyses (e.g., correcting for errors and artifacts), deriving terrain attributes and/or extracting terrain features from the DTM, and using and explaining those terrain attributes and features in a given context. Throughout these studies, authors address a range of challenges and issues associated with applying geomorphometric techniques to the complex marine environment, including issues related to spatial scale, data quality, and linking seafloor topography with physical, geological, biological, and ecological processes. As marine geomorphometry becomes increasingly recognized as a sub-discipline of geomorphometry, this volume brings together a collection of research articles that reflect the types of studies that are helping to chart the course for the future of marine geomorphometry.
bedforms --- forage fish --- Pacific sand lance --- sediment habitats --- bathymetry --- currents --- seabed mapping --- marine geology --- submarine topography --- marine geomorphology --- terrain analysis --- multibeam echosounder --- bathymetry --- DEM --- satellite imagery --- multi beam echosounder --- filter --- geomorphology --- coral reefs --- Acoustic applications --- object segmentation --- seafloor --- underwater acoustics --- Cretaceous --- Cenomanian–Turonian --- paleobathymetry --- paleoclimate --- paleoceanography --- reconstruction --- simulation --- shelf-slope-rise --- geomorphometry --- GIS --- spatial scale --- spatial analysis --- terrain analysis --- seafloor geomorphometry --- domes --- volcanoes --- digital elevation models (DEMs) --- Canary Basin --- Atlantic Ocean --- cold-water coral --- carbonate mound --- habitat mapping --- spatial prediction --- image segmentation --- geographic object-based image analysis --- random forest --- accuracy --- confidence --- global bathymetry --- Seabed 2030 --- Nippon Foundation/GEBCO --- seafloor mapping technologies --- seafloor mapping standards and protocols --- benthic habitats --- shelf morphology --- eastern Brazilian shelf --- geomorphometry --- terrain analysis --- bathymetry --- surface roughness --- benthic habitat mapping --- python --- geomorphology --- submerged glacial bedforms --- deglaciation --- sedimentation --- multibeam --- acoustic-seismic profiling --- swath geometry --- multibeam spatial resolution --- integration artefacts --- Multibeam bathymetry --- benthic habitat mapping --- multiscale --- Random Forests --- pockmarks --- automated-mapping --- ArcGIS --- Glaciated Margin --- North Sea --- Malin Basin --- Barents Sea --- bathymetry --- thalwegs --- canyons --- Alaska --- Bering Sea --- multibeam sonar --- carbonate banks --- semi-automated mapping --- polychaete --- Northwestern Australia --- Oceanic Shoals Australian Marine Park --- Bonaparte Basin --- Timor Sea --- bathymetry --- digital terrain analysis --- geomorphometry --- geomorphology --- habitat mapping --- marine remote sensing
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